Synthesis, Characterization, and Antifungal Activity of Novel Chloroquine-Based Transition Metal Complexes

International Journal of Chemistry | Vol. 4, No. 9, September 2013 | pp. 65–72

DOI: 10.46882/2013/IJC/000060

Article Type: Original Research Paper

Title: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antifungal Activity of Novel Chloroquine-Based Transition Metal Complexes

Names of Authors: A. A. Yusuf¹, P. K. Mukherjee²*

Authors’ Affiliations:
¹Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
²Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.

Abstract: The persistent emergence of drug resistance profiles among pathogenic fungal strains requires the structural modification of classic quinoline scaffolds via coordination to transition metal ions to boost clinical performance. This research outlines the synthesis, structural characterization, and in vitro antifungal testing of novel copper(II), nickel(II), and cobalt(II) complexes coordinated with chloroquine diphosphate ligands. The synthesized coordination compounds were profiled utilizing elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibility, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Analytical metrics established a 1:1 metal-to-ligand stoichiometric coordination pattern for all complexes, corresponding to a general structural configuration of [M(CQ)Cl₂], where CQ represents the chloroquine base molecule. Molar conductance tests in DMSO indicated a non-electrolytic nature. FT-IR spectra confirmed that chloroquine acts as a bidentate ligand, binding to the metal centers via the quinoline ring nitrogen and the secondary aliphatic amine nitrogen atoms. In vitro antifungal evaluation was conducted against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger isolates via the disk diffusion test. The copper(II)-chloroquine complex demonstrated a two-fold increase in mycelial growth inhibition compared to standalone uncoordinated chloroquine, which is explained via cell permeability and chelation principles.

Keywords: Chloroquine; Metal complexes; Antifungal activity; FT-IR spectroscopy; Candida albicans; Chelation theory

Manuscript Timeline: Received: October 20, 2012; Revised: November 28, 2012; Accepted: January 05, 2013; Published: September 10, 2013.

Citation: Yusuf, A. A., & Mukherjee, P. K. (2013). Synthesis, Characterization, and Antifungal Activity of Novel Chloroquine-Based Transition Metal Complexes. International Journal of Chemistry, 4(9), 65–72.

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