ISSN 2736-1748
Research Article
African Journal of AIDS and HIV Research ISSN 2326-2691 Vol. 6 (8), pp. 396-402, August, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Sputum cellularity in pulmonary tuberculosis: A comparative study between HIV-positive and -negative individuals
Rosemeri Maurici da Silva1*, Paula Stocco1, Maria Luiza Bazzo2 and Mariana Chagas2
1Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina– Brasil.
2Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – Brasil.
Accepted 08 August, 2018
Abstract
To compare sputum cellularity between HIV-positive and -negative individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Sputum samples were collected and processed within two hours after collection. The absolute number of squamous cells of a total of 400 cells was counted, as well as the absolute number (× 106 cells/ml) and percentage of eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils and total cellularity and viability were determined. Comparisons of the means of each cell type were held in a significance level of 95% (p < 0.05). Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the identified cell types was calculated. Results: Assessment was performed in a cohort of 40 subjects, mean age 40 years, 77.5% male, 70% Caucasian, 40% HIV-positive (mean age 35.9 years). Mean percentage viability in the samples was 56.1%. The average value of squamous cells was 58.8. Mean percentages of cells were: 33.7% neutrophils, 1.7% eosinophils, 50.7%, macrophages and 12.3% lymphocytes. The average total cell count was 1.9 x 106 cells/ml. The average CD4+ T-cell count in HIV-positive was 95.4 cells/mm 3. Association of radiological patterns was present in 72.5% of cases. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.08 (p < 0.01) between absolute counts of eosinophils and lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages and macrophages and neutrophils. Inverse relationship was observed between the percentage of macrophages and neutrophils. There was no statistically significant difference between cell count of HIV-positive and - negative individuals.
Key words: Sputum, tuberculosis, HIV.
Rosemeri Maurici da Silva*, Maria Luiza Bazzo and Mariana Chagas, Paula Stocco
Page: 396 - 402
Research Article
African Journal of AIDS and HIV Research ISSN 2326-2691 Vol. 6 (12), pp. 423-431, December, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Modelling of HIV/AIDS in Iran up to 2014
Haghdoost, Ali Akbar6, Mostafavi, Ehsan3, Mirzazadeh, Ali2, Navadeh, Soodabeh1, Feizzadeh, Ali4, Fahimfar, Nooshin5, Kamali, Kianoosh5, Namdari, Hengameh5, Sedaghat, Abbas5, Gooya, Mohammad Mehdi5, Sajadi, Leily1, Farzaneh, zolala1 and Nasirian, Maryam1*
1Regional knowledge hub for HIV/AIDS surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
2World Health Organisation (WHO), HCD Unit, Tehran, Iran.
3Department of Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
4Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Papua, New Guinea.
5Center for Disease Control (CDC) of Iran, Ministry of Health and medical education, Tehran, Iran.
6Research centre for modelling in health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Accepted 03 April, 2018
Abstract
Using estimation-projection package (EPP) and spectrum, the model was developed based on different data sources. Four scenarios were introduced, including minimum and maximum estimations, plus most realistic scenario. In the fourth scenario (R2), data of studies with adequate quality were applied. The objective of the study is to estimate and project HIV/AIDS in Iran up to 2014. Based on the main scenario R2, the estimated prevalence of HIV infection among adults was 0.16% (0.08-1.03%) in 2009. It will slightly decrease to 0.15% (0.06-1.08%) in 2012. With respect to the number of infected people with HIV, the estimated number was 89,000 and 106,000 for 2009 and 2014 respectively. There were estimated to be approximately 7,000 new cases annually. The highest trend of HIV was estimated to be a shift from IDUs to FSWs, and the estimate is that new infected cases via unsafe sex will increase in the future, while over time, the trend with respect to transmission via unsafe injection will decrease. We expect the HIV epidemic in Iran to remain almost constant at concentrate level. However we believe that the pattern of transmission will change from that of unsafe injection to unsafe sexual contact.
Key words: HIV, AIDS, epidemiology, modeling, projection.
Soodabeh , Mirzazadeh , Ali , Gooya , Mohammad Mehdi, Mostafavi , Ali Akbar, Namdari , Kamali , Haghdoost , Sajadi , Sedaghat , Hengameh , Feizzadeh , Ali , Abbas , Kianoosh , Navadeh , Ehsan , Fahimfar , Nooshin , Leil
Page: 423 - 431
Research Article
African Journal of AIDS and HIV Research ISSN 2326-2691 Vol. 6 (3), pp. 333-345, March, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
TB and HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh
Shakeel Ahmed Ibne Mahmood
Youth Wing, National AIDS Committee, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
Bangladesh AIDS Prevention Society, Dhaka 1217, BAPS, Bangladesh.
AED-Center on AIDS and Community Health, Washington D. C. USA. E-mail: [email protected].
Accepted 08 April, 2017
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the major opportunistic infection of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in developing countries. The objective of this paper is to exemplify and review the findings associated with TB in patients with AIDS. 80 TB/AIDS-focused articles from latest internet and literature, including 3 leading Bangladesh daily newspapers between 1999-2009 were analyzed. According to the data provided by a Bangladesh Sheikh Mujib University, the number of detected people living with HIV/AIDS reached 204 as of December 2002. Most of them died of TB indicating the relationship between AIDS and TB. Measures needed in the future, if TB and HIV/AIDS are to be eliminated in Bangladesh. Tuberculosis (TB) is at least as old as human kind, one of the world's deadliest diseases and the history of the disorder is intertwined inevitably with the history of civilization. Break down in health services, the spread of HIV/AIDS and the emergence of multi drug resistant TB causing organisms are contributing to the worsening impact of this disease. Physicians say TB is one of the major syndromes of HIV infection. About 74,000 Bangladeshi people go abroad for jobs every year, which might be the sources of spreading HIV/AIDS, when they come back to the country. It has been known for some time that TB and AIDS are bedfellows. But as the government and civil society still seem impervious to this state of affairs, when the pandemic hits our shores. The AIDS program in Bangladesh and possibly others elsewhere, could consider adapting this experience, to support NGOs serving communities at highest risk towards greater funding for and co-ordination of the national NGO response. Given the link between TB and AIDS, such TB program could also work more closely with AIDS program to absorb some of the HIV surveillance responsibilities of the AIDS program, integrate clinical training and build in cross-referral systems. TB and AIDS target the marginalized; we should all be able to visualize the scale of the problem we would face. If TB and HIV/AIDS are not taken seriously soon, it will ravage our society.
Key words: TB and HIV/AIDS, governmental policy and research.
Shakeel Ahmed Ibne Mahmood
Page: 333 - 345
Research Article
African Journal of AIDS and HIV Research ISSN 2326-2691 Vol. 6 (6), pp. 362-371, June, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Evaluation of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in HIV patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy
C. N. Fokunang*, A. N. Banin, C. Kouanfack and J. Y. Ngogang
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaounde, Cameroon.
Accepted 8 February, 2018
Abstract
A pilot longitudinal study was conducted for 3 months on HIV positive and AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy, at a day care clinic at the Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon, between April and July 2008. A total of 223 HIV patients were recruited following initiation and each patient benefited from pretherapeutic tests. Social-demographic, clinical and biological data were recorded for each subject and finally analyzed using standard statistical procedures. Out of the 223 subjects on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the study, 153 were females (68. 6%) and 70 were males (31. 6 %). The age group that was most represented was 30 - 39 (37.7 %). The mean age of patients was 39.34 11.31 years. At initiation the highest administered antiretroviral (ARV) regimen was Zidulam N (34.10%). For hepatotoxicity evaluation, with aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) study, 5.8% of patients showed degree 1 and 1.3% of patients had degree 2 changes. In alanine amino transferase (ALAT), 3.70% of patients showed degree 1 and 3.95% degree 2 changes. The ARV regimen that was involved in most of these changes was Zidulam N. The assessment of nephrotoxicity in the creatinine study, only 2.24% of patient had degree 1 changes and no particular ARV regimen showed any creatinine changes. The Glomerullar Filtration Rate (GFR) for each ARV regimen showed no significance difference at p = 0.557. The ARV regimen administered to patients during the study did not really affect creatinine levels and hence showed no risk of toxicity to the kidneys.
Key words: Highly active antiretroviral therapy, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, human immuno virus, acquired immune defficiency syndrome, antiretroviral, regimen.
C. N. Fokunang*, A. N. Banin, C. Kouanfack and J. Y. Ngogang
Page: 362 - 371
Research Article
African Journal of AIDS and HIV Research ISSN 2326-2691 Vol. 6 (5), pp. 355-361, May, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Evaluation of immunostimulatory effects of viracomb(Rx) in rabbits
A. Y. Tijani1*, O. E. Ojo2, D. K. Oladepo3, O. A. Salawu1, S. B. Mohammed 3, A. U. Osunkwo1, K. S. Izebe3 and Y. Yaaba3
1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu, Abuja, Nigeria.
2EOL limited, Ado - Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
3Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) Idu, Abuja, Nigeria.
Accepted 06 December, 2017
Abstract
Viracomb is a herbal based preparation used in management of conditions associated with immuno-supression. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the immunostimulatory effect of Viracomb in rabbits. Acute toxicity study was carried out in rabbits using acute toxic class method. In the immunostimulatory study, healthy adult rabbits were randomized into five groups of five rabbits per group. Group I rabbits served as the positive control and received 10 ml normal saline/kg while rabbits in groups II, III, IV and V received 50 mg cyclophosphamide/kg body weight on days 0, 2 and 4 and thereafter, rabbits in groups II, III and IV were given daily doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg Viracomb/kg body weight for 28-days while group V served as the negative control. The effect of viracomb on feed and water intake, body weight changes, CD4+ count, haematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated. The oral median lethal dose was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg extract/kg body weight. Viracomb exerted significant decrease in feed intake at 75 mg/kg while slight increase in feed intake was observed at 150 and 300 mg /kg body weight. Significant (p < 0.05) decrease in water intake was observed at all dose levels used for the study. There was no remarkable change in body weight of rabbits at all doses used for the study. There was significant (p < 0.05) increase in CD4+ counts of rabbits given 150 mg / body weight kg while unremarkable changes were observed in CD4+ counts of rabbits given 75 and 300 mg/kg body weight respectively at the end of the 28-days study. Significant dose dependent increase in haematological profiles was observed while biochemical parameters remained normal. These findings indicate that viracomb is safe acutely and possess immunostimulatory activity and thus, provide evidence for its acclaimed effect in the management of immuno-suppressed related disorders.
Key words: Viracomb, cyclophosphamide, immuno-suppressed, rabbits, immunostimulatory.
S. B. Mohammed, A. U. Osunkwo, O. A. Salawu, O. E. Ojo, D. K. Oladepo, A. Y. Tijani*, K. S. Izebe and Y. Yaaba
Page: 355 - 361
Short Communication
African Journal of AIDS and HIV Research ISSN 2326-2691 Vol. 6 (1), pp. 322-324, January, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Short Communication
A study of virologic and immunologic efficacy of a fixed dose combination of TDF 300 mg /emtricitabine
Markus Bickel*, Christoph Stephan, Tessa Lennemann, Pavel Khaykin, Gabi Nisius, Hans Reinhard Brodt, Schlomo Staszewski and Annette Haberl
HIV Centre, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
Accepted 19 August, 2017
Abstract
A randomized pilot-study to evaluate the virologic efficacy of Tenofovir-DF (TDF) 300 mg/Emtricitabine (FTC) 200 mg once daily plus Zidovudine (AZT) 250 mg twice daily (armA) or 300 mg BID (armB) in naïve HIV-1 infected patients. Twenty patients with a median CD4 cell count of 288 cells/µl (standard deviation (SD): ± 109) and a median viral load of 66.400 HIV RNA copies/ml (SD: ± 70.700) were included. Three patients in armA and one in armB had a single HIV-RNA-PCR measurement of > 50 copies/ml (p = 0.58). The combined median CD4 cells increased by 188 cells/µl at week 48. TDF 300 mg/FTC 200 mg once daily in combination with AZT 250 mg or 300 mg twice daily was well tolerated and no virologic failure occurred.
Key words: Class sparing, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), K65R, drug interaction.
Christoph Stephan, Markus Bickel*, Tessa Lennemann, Gabi Nisius, Hans Reinhard Brodt, Pavel Khaykin, Schlomo Staszewski and Annette Haberl
Page: 322 - 324