International Journal of Medical Sociology and Anthropology

International Journal of Medical Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 9 (10), pp. 001-004, October, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Clinico-pathological profile of lung cancer in a tertiary medical centre in India: Analysis of 266 cases

Bhattacharyya Sujit Kumar¹*, Mandal Abhijit², Deoghuria Debasis³, Agarwala Abinash¹, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal¹ and Dey Subir Kumar⁴

¹Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Nilratan Ratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

²Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal, India.

³Department of Radio Diagnosis, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal, India.

⁴Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

Accepted 08 August, 2020

Abstract

Lung cancer stands one of the most common malignancies causing very high morbidity and mortality. An increase in the incidence of lung cancer has been observed in India. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinico-pathological profile of lung cancer attended in a tertiary referral centre in India. A retrospective analysis was done over those patients who were histopathologically proved cases of primary lung carcinoma. The outpatient and inpatient of the department of Pulmonary Medicine in a tertiary medical college attended during the period from January 2008 to December 2009. A total of 266 cases were studied, and the male to female ratio was 6.6:1. The major age group involved was 41-60 years (52.63%) and the rest were below 40 years group (2.63%). The commonest clinical symptom was cough (68.42%).The most common radiological finding in the chest was a mass or space occupying lesion (55.26%). In most cases there was a history of smoking (81.2%). Commonest mode of diagnosis was made by imaging guided fine needle aspiration cytology in 170 patients (63.91%).The most common histological type of lung cancer was squamous cell carcinoma (35.34%). Majority of cases were diagnosed in the later stages of diseases (71.8%). It was found that squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent histological type .History of smoking was found in majority of patients. Major patients were diagnosed at the later stages of disease (Stage 3B or 4).

Key words: Lung carcinoma, histopathological classification, smoking, squamous cell carcinoma.

International Journal of Medical Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 9 (10), pp. 001-007, October, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Use of oncology drugs in Japan compared to France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the USA: A comparison based on data from 1999 to 2009

Daniel Högberg¹*, Nobuo Koinuma², Nils Wilking³ and Bengt Jönsson⁴

¹OptumInsight Klarabergsviadukten 90, 111 64 Stockholm, Sweden.

²Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.

³Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

⁴Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden.

Accepted 13 September, 2020

Abstract

The development of new compounds over the past decades has provided a significant potential for improvements of cancer therapy and outcome. This study compares the use of oncology drugs in Japan with the use in the US and selected European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the UK). The patterns of use of cancer drugs differ between the countries. Japan, France and the US spend more per capita than most other countries in the world on cancer drugs, but Japan spends a larger share on cancer drugs that were launched in 1999 or earlier (“mature” drugs). One of the main factors behind the slow introduction and uptake of cancer drugs in Japan is a lengthy process for approval of new drugs. Economic evaluations of new drugs are not as frequent in Japan as in the US and in Europe. The use of generic drugs is also low in Japan compared to the US and the European countries. A greater use of generics and more comprehensive assessments of the clinical and economic value of treatments may improve the efficiency in the use of health care resources and facilitate the introduction of newer drugs.

Key words: Oncology, drugs, generics, Japan, United States, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom.

International Journal of Medical Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 9 (10), pp. 001-005, October, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Efficacy and safety of Livwin (polyherbal formulation) in patients with acute viral hepatitis: A controlled clinical trial

Yogendra N. Keche¹*, Vandana A. Badar¹ and Mrunalini M. Hardas²

¹Department of Pharmacology, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, 440018 India.

²Department of Medicine, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, 440018 India.

Accepted 12 April, 2020

Abstract

The study was planned to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Livwin (polyherbal formulation) in acute viral hepatitis. In this study, there were 29 patients in each group, receiving either Livwin or placebo. Livwin capsules contains Terminalia arjuna - 100 mg, Withania somnifera – 100 mg, Phyllanthus niruri - 100 mg, Berberis aristata – 50 mg, Tinospora cordofolia – 75 mg, Picrorhiza kurroa – 50 mg, Boerhaavia diffusa – 50 mg. Placebo capsules contains lactose 500 mg. Both drugs were given orally, two capsules 2 times a day for 8 weeks followed by treatment free period of 4 weeks. Recovery of patients assessed by clinical parameters: fever, weakness, icterus and tender, enlarged liver and by biochemical parameters: serum bilirubin, SGOT (Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), SGPT (Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase), serum alkaline phosphatase at baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks. Significant clinical recovery was observed in the form of icterus and weakness with Livwin as compared to placebo at 2 and 4 weeks (P < 0.001). There was significant reduction in mean levels of serum bilirubin, SGOT and SGPT at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks with Livwin as compared with placebo (P < 0.001). Significant reduction in mean levels of serum alkaline phosphatase with Livwin at 2 weeks (P < 0.01) and 4 weeks (P < 0.05) as compared with placebo. Mean serum bilirubin reduced by 6.72 mg/dl with Livwin and with placebo reduced by 3.64 mg/dl at 2 weeks (P < 0.001). Mean SGOT reduced by 609.11 IU/ L with Livwin and with placebo reduced by 240.34 IU/L at 2 weeks (P < 0.001). Mean SGPT reduced by 920.65 IU/L with Livwin and with placebo reduced by 326.96 IU/L at 2 weeks (P < 0.001). Livwin had shown good efficacy in patients of acute viral hepatitis. Adverse events like epigastric pain and diarrhoea were recorded with Livwin treatment and were not significant as compared to placebo.

Key words: Acute hepatitis, liver function test, Phyllanthus niruri, Tinospora cordofolia.

International Journal of Medical Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 9 (9), pp. 001-005, September, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Palm and Egusi melon oils lower serum and liver lipid profile and improve antioxidant activity in rats fed a high fat diet

Olarewaju M. Oluba¹*, George O. Eidangbe², Godwin C. Ojieh² and Blessing O. Idonije³

¹Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, P. M. B. 1154, Benin-City, Edo State, Nigeria.

²Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.

³Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.

Accepted 20 September, 2020

Abstract

Many studies have suggested that oils high in saturated fatty acids are responsible for the cholesterol-raising effect of saturated fat. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of palm oil (rich in saturated fatty acid) and egusi melon oil (rich in unsaturated fatty acids) on serum and liver lipids and their antioxidant status. Lipid profiles, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GSSG -Rx) were determined in serum and liver of rats fed a high cholesterol diet for six weeks. Palm oil- and egusi melon- fed rats exhibited improved serum and liver lipid profiles and had a more significant reduction in serum and liver MDA levels as compared to control rats. Similarly, GSH-Px and GSSG-Rx activities were significantly higher in rats fed palm and egusi melon oils compared to the control. It could thus be concluded based on these findings, that palm oil and egusi melon improve serum and liver lipid profile in rats fed a high fat diet and their consumption could thus offer protection against lipid-related disorders.

Key words: Palm oil, egusi melon oil, saturated fatty acids, antioxidant.

International Journal of Medical Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 9 (9), pp. 001-004, September, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Hepatoprotective potentials of Butea monosperma stem bark extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats

Prashant Tiwari¹*, Kuldeep Kumar², Rajnikant Panik³, Alok Pandey⁴, Ashish Pandey⁴ and Pratap Kumar Sahu⁴

¹Pinnacle Biomedical Research Institute Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

²Smt. Vidyawati Collage of Pharmacy, Jhansi Uttar Pradesh, India.

³Government Girls Polytechnic, Baron Bazar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

⁴Raipur Institute of Technology, Raipur Chhattisgarh, India.

⁵Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, Bhubaneswar, India.

Accepted 13 June, 2020

Abstract

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) pharmacological tool was used to produce liver damage in rats. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) and extract of Butea monosperma (shown to be hepatoprotective substances) prevented the CCl₄ induced toxicity. Hydroalcholic extract of the stem bark of B. monosperma was evaluated for its hepatoprotective. This in vitro efficacy was reinforced by a significant dose dependent hepatoprotection (at 100 and 200 mg/kg dose) by decreasing the activity of serum enzymes, bilirubin, and lipid peroxidation while it significantly increased the reduced Glutathione levels of tissue in a dose dependant manner. The hepatoprotective activities of the extract are being comparable to standards Silymarin. The results obtained in the present study indicate that stem bark extract of B. monosperma is a potential source of natural hepatoprotective. The hepatoprotective property may be attributed to the antioxidant potential and the phytochemical constituents of the plant. The present study justifies the claim of the native practitioner that the decoction of the plant is useful in treating jaundice and find out the clinical efficacy of the B. monosperma.

Key words: Carbon tetrachloride, Butea monosperma, silymarin, alanine amino transferase, glutathione, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, hepatoprotection.

International Journal of Medical Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 9 (9), pp. 001-010, September, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Redox state and the potential role of antioxidant compounds in liver ischemia/reperfusion injury

Maria I. Korontzi^1*, Apostolos Papalois², Ilias Kouerinis¹, Andreas C. Lazaris³, George Theodoropoulos¹ and George Zografos¹

¹First Department of Propaideutic Surgery, Hippocration Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.

²Experimental Research Center ELPEN, Athens, Greece.

³Department of pathology, Laiko Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.

Accepted 12 April, 2020

Abstract

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury consists of a sequel of cellular and humoral events that finally leads to parenchymal and nonparenchymal cell death. It is of utmost importance as regards the outcome of liver transplantation and liver resections. There is ample evidence that the key role in the inflicted injury is ascribed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated mainly by Kupffer cells and neutrophils during reperfusion, with the participation of endothelial cells and hepatocytes. ROS can procure serious damage to cellular membranes and genomic material. The disaster culminates with the initiation of several inflammatory mediators. On the other hand, cells posses a very potent, enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidant system capable to mitigate oxidant stress or scavenge ROS, thus preserving to some extent cellular redox state. When the imbalance between oxidant stress and antioxidant systems predominates, cell death ensues. The spectre of liver I/R injury therapeutic options includes a plethora of antioxidant agents, natural or synthetic, and extends to genetic modifications. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge on the generation and mode of action of ROS and to give a further insight on the antioxidant compounds that comprise the therapeutic quiver of this complicated syndrome.

Key words: Reactive oxygen species, oxidant stress, liver ischemia reperfusion, redox state, inflammation, antioxidants.