African Journal of Gender and Women Studies

African Journal of Gender and Women Studies ISSN 2516-9831 Vol. 1 (6), pp. 049-056, December, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Global and African overview on Gender mainstreaming in smallholder agriculture development in Swaziland

Klerk D. Piencaar¹*, Jacob Botha Tambo² and Ernie O. Nadine³

¹Faculty of Natural and Agriculture Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, at the University of the Free State, South Africa.

²WWF South Africa, C/O Table Mountain Fund, Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Kirstenbosch National Botanical Gardens, PO Box 23273, Claremont, 7735, South Africa.

³World Vision Swaziland, P. O. Box 2870 Mbabane Swaziland.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 15 November, 2016

Abstract

The paper presents a review of literature in gender mainstreaming in agricultural development. It begins by defining key terms related to gender mainstreaming, and then followed by the discussion of the historical background of gender mainstreaming. This is then followed by review of literature concerning the gender mainstreaming and agricultural development, and African perspective of gender mainstreaming and the current status of gender mainstreaming in Swaziland. The review ends by discussing the potential benefits that can be harnessed from mainstreaming gender in the country’s agriculture sector and development programmes.

Key words: Gender, mainstreaming, smallholder farming, sustainable agriculture, development.

African Journal of Gender and Women Studies ISSN 2516-9831 Vol. 1 (5), pp. 037-048, November, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Gender and heterosexual culture in improving young people’s agency for pleasurable and healthful sexual relations

¹Department of Sociology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria.

²Department of Political Science and International Relations, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara state, Nigeria.

Abstract

Accepted 15 August, 2016

E-mail: [email protected]

Within sociological discourse, young people’s sexual practices have become an area of particular interest as sociologists attempt to contextualise sexuality as multifaceted social experiences rather than as psychological or psychoanalytic processes. This study introduces a conceptual framework for investigating young people’s sexuality and sexual practices in African context. It was achieved through a critical review of the conceptual framework developed by a group of feminist authors in the UK context which identifies five interacting layers of power through which young people become sexually active and socially heterosexual. By adapting and modifying the feminists’ framework, this study delves into the social processes through which certain norms, beliefs, gender practices intersect with heterosexual norms to constitute well-established practices among young Africans. This study concludes by asking for a space to redefine conventional practices of gender and heterosexual culture in order to enhance young people’s agency for pleasurable and healthful sexual relations.

Key words: Gender, sexuality, heterosexual, culture, young people, Africa.

African Journal of Gender and Women Studies ISSN 2516-9831 Vol. 1 (4), pp. 028-036, October, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

 Full Length Research Paper 

Theoretical models of leadership and feminist theory that are pertinent to women leadership

Moven C. Ndlovu^1* Edgar Hoffman Tekere¹ and Robert H. Gibbs²

¹University of Huelva, Spain.

²International Centre for Development of Entrepreneurial Communities, Zimbabwe.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 10 June, 2016

Abstract

This paper seeks to capture the characteristics that prevail in the leadership styles of women leaders paying special attention to their individual leaders’ journeys. The study reviews the theoretical models of leadership and feminist theory that are particularly pertinent from the discussion of women leadership. A narrative approach is adopted for analyzing two women leaders’ journeys –Mary Kay and Mother Teresa– who succeeded in very different contexts. The stories exemplify some of the most important attributes that have been highlighted to play a focal role in current leadership research. The findings suggest that women lead teams and organizations through an authentic leadership and a genuine position of service, once they have become masters in self-leadership.

Key words: Leadership, gender, women, transformational leadership, servant leadership, self-leadership.

African Journal of Gender and Women Studies ISSN 2516-9831 Vol. 1 (3), pp. 020-027, July, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Historical survey of land tenure system and women’s right to resource access in Northern and Central Ethiopia

*Alexandra Hailu Benti, Tafari L. Eleni and Abune Paulos Benti

Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, Debre markos University

*Corresponding Authors. Email: [email protected]

Accepted 19 January 2016

Abstract

This article attempted to examine how the evolution of land tenure system in north and central Ethiopia historically resulted in unequal resource accesses as far as gender relations are concerned. The article is an outcome of historical research and the researcher has employed a qualitative research method. Accordingly, written historical documents related to the study were consulted carefully and important secondary sources were also referred to. Having analyzed the historical evolution of land tenure system, the study also tried to indicate that the question of access to land had not only been an economic issue, but also a political and cultural one at the state level for many centuries. As this study unraveled, in Ethiopia for at least two millennia, both the acquisition and inheritance of land had been highly patriarchal because the state mobilized the military who usually happened to be men to expand its territory. Hence, land was occupied and defended mostly by men. As the usual habit of the patriarchal system elsewhere, the claim to possession of land was based on belonging to a descent line of an original father who happened to be the first to occupy the land. Since unlike men, women usually did not get the chance to participate at the line of military confrontations that were launched for territorial expansions and land acquisitions, they were deprived of the right to land access. Consequently, this land tenure system in the 13^th to 20^th century Ethiopia resulted in the creation of a deep rooted gender biased socio-political structure that denied women the access to important economic, political and social privileges.

Key words: Land tenure, sïrit, gender relations, rïst, gult, militarism, Ethiopian women.

African Journal of Gender and Women Studies ISSN 2516-9831 Vol. 1 (2), pp. 016-019, April, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper 

Gender differences in the experience of work burnout among University staff in Nigeria

Adedokun Henry Abeeb

Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 10 January, 2016

Abstract

This study examined gender differences as a factor in the experience of work-burnout among University Staff. It made use of 1040 respondents (549 male and 491 female). Maslach Burnout Inventory was used as an instrument to assess the level of differences in the emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and reduced personal accomplishment of staff of both sexes. Three hypotheses were posited and were tested using t-test statistics. Results indicated that there is no difference in the levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation of both male and female staff. However, the mean of the scores on the reduced personal accomplishment of both sexes shows a significant difference. It was confirmed also that female staff experienced higher level of reduced personal accomplishment than their male counterparts. Implications of these results were given while recommendations were made on how best to tackle the growing phenomenon of burnout among both sexes.

Key words: Work-burnout, de-personalisation, emotional exhaustion, reduced accomplishment and gender.

African Journal of Gender and Women Studies ISSN 2736-1578 Vol. 1 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Manifestation of human sexuality and its relevance to secondary schools in Nigeria

Akeem Ayofe Akinwale

Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 21 April, 2015

Abstract

The alarms against the menace of premarital sexual activities reached a crescendo but the behaviour of young people remained at variance with the alarms. This contradiction contributed to the growth of sexually transmitted diseases including human immune virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Thus, this study examined manifestation of human sexuality and its relevance to secondary schools in Nigeria using information derived from content analysis of secondary data. Results principally showed that human sexuality extended beyond procreation as it captured all the nuances of the socio-cultural contexts of a society. Different sexualities such as child sexuality, adolescent sexuality, adult sexuality and sexuality of the elderly produced specific implications for the entire society. Conclusively, understanding of the interdependent layers of human sexuality would promote the management of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV and AIDS. Therefore, it was recommended that sexuality education should be emphasized in the socialization from infancy till death. Nobody would be too young or old for learning human sexuality. Critical steps should be taken to empower students towards scanning their sexual histories and acquiring the right skills to manage any detected or potential sexual problem.

Key words: Schools, sexuality, STIs, youth.