International Journal of Law and Legal Studies

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2463-5634 Vol. 7 (1), pp. 001-011, January, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Creating space for community-based conservation initiatives (CBCLs) in conventional academics

Kanna Kumar S.¹*, Sweta Mishra¹ and Kameswara Rao K.²

¹Vasundhara, A - 70, Shaeed Nagar, Bhubaneswar - 751007, Odisha, India.

²Department of Environmental Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam – 530003, AP, India.

Accepted date 19 December, 2018

Abstract

Government promoted protected areas (PAs), and large integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) such as joint forest management (JFM) are normally mentioned as the only means of conservation and locals are mentioned as the source where 'biotic pressure' comes from in most of the curricula which could make the professional conservation biologists and policy makers biased and may consider locals as a threat to conservation. Education based on the western-centric approaches to conservation in India have left the forest department officials and the officials of line departments concerned with conservation, such as agriculture, live-stock and irrigation indifferent to people’s initiatives. Besides, it made the policy makers inefficient to design holistic and appropriate inclusive policies related to conservation and development. This situation could be attributed to the hitherto existing gap in formal education due to lack of inclusion of community-based conservation initiatives (CBCIs) and humanities especially in the academic curriculum of conservation biology. Hence, it is hypothesized that the existing gap between scientific world and ground realities in India could be abridged if the issue of CBCIs and humanities finds their way into academic curriculum and research domains of conservation biology, natural resource management and environmental sciences.

Key words: Community-based conservation (rfCBC), community-based conservation initiative (CBCI), Forest Survey of India (FSI), forest department (FD), Indian Forest Service (IFS), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Joint Forest Management (JFM), the Theme on Indigenous and Local Communities, Equity, and Protected Areas (TILCEPA), integrated conservation and development project (ICDP).

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2463-5634 Vol. 6 (5), pp. 001-012, May, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

East Asia summit: Interests and expectations

G. Jayachandra Reddy

Centre for Southeast Asian and Pacific Studies, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502, A.P., India. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 18 November, 2017

Abstract

Ever since the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) formation, many attempts have been made to promote regionalism particularly in East Asia with an inclusion of Southeast Asia. As was propagated, the idea of ‘Look East Policy’ was in the cards for a long time and Mohathir Mohammed was also blaming Japan for not looking at the East Asian countries. By the end of the Cold War, the geopolitical scenario has been changed not only in the Asian countries but over the globe. ASEAN has successfully admitted all the countries of Southeast as its members and further ASEAN+China, Japan and South Korea (ASEAN+3) was formed including China, Japan and South Korea. The long pending slogan of East Asian Community has eventually surfaced in the form of ‘East Asia Summit’ in 2005. This time it was not just the combination of neither Southeast Asian nor East Asian countries but included Australia and New Zealand from South Pacific and India from South Asia. In view of the rare and uncommon composition of the countries, many critics have raised questions over the sustainability of the regional platform. With this backdrop, this paper attempts to analyze the compulsions, expectations and their own national interests of the member countries of the East Asia Summit.

Key words: East Asia, regionalization, ASEAN+3, East Asia summit.

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2463-5634 Vol. 6 (4), pp. 001-003, April, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Book Review

Pakistan in Regional and Global Politics

Salma Malik

Department of Defence and Strategic Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (92-51) 90643076.

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2463-5634 Vol. 6 (3), pp. 001-009, March, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Wars and the current crisis in the American economy

Adil H. Mouhammed

University of Illinois, Springfield, USA. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 22 October, 2018

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to explain clearly that the recent economic crisis in the U.S. economy is grounded in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq aimed at controlling world oil and the globe. These goals reflect the dominance of militarism, of oil corporations, and of the financiers represented by the Federal Reserve (Fed) . These institutions represent the dominant triangle of the American higher-plane capitalism. On the one hand, the wars have been increasing government spending on militarism, which generates huge budget deficit and public debt and a higher rate of inflation and a lower exchange rate of the dollar. On the other hand, the two wars are increasing the prices of oil, which contribute significantly for increasing the cost of doing business. The Fed had to defend its position by increasing interest rates by reducing lending. For their own survival, businesses have to increase prices and cut cost. All these private and public actions cumulatively generate stagflation (high inflation and unemployment) and the Great Recession of December 2007.

Key words: Militarism, oil corporations, financiers, budget deficit, inflation, unemployment, peace economy, Veblen, Melman.

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2463-5634 Vol. 6 (2), pp. 001-010, February, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Elite corruption and the culture of primitive accumulation in 21st century Nigeria

Chris C. Ojukwu¹* and J. O. Shopeju²

¹Institute of human resources development, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.

²Department of communication and general studies, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.

Accepted 22 October, 2018

Abstract

Nigeria is often perceived as the ‘giant of Africa’ by most Africans, perhaps, because of its remarkable achievements in the continent in the past three decades. Today, the same country is looked upon by the rest of the world as a ‘crippled’ giant, a veritable modern wasteland, a nation where corruption is extolled as a national culture, tradition; as a nation of business scams and fraudulent investment and contractual opportunities. The paper argues that the situation became worse during Olusegun Obasanjo’s eight years administration 1999 to 2007 when his government tactically opened the floodgate of elite corruption and primitive accumulation, which subsequently brought the country to its knees.

Key words: Elite, corruption, primitive accumulation, development, economy.