International Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension

International Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension ISSN 2329-9797 Vol. 10 (8), pp. 001-007, August, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Medicinal and aromatic plants farming under drought conditions

Hossein Aliabadi Farahani¹*, Sayed Alireza Valadabadi¹, Jahanfar Daneshian² Amir Hossein Shiranirad² and Mohammad Ali Khalvati³

¹Islamic Azad University of Shahriar (Shahr-e-Qods) branch, Iran.

²Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), P. O. Box 4119, Mardabad Rd, Karaj 31585, Iran.

³Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, German Research Centre for Environment and Health, Munich (HelmholtzZentrum München), Ingolstaedter 1, Neuherberg Germany.

Accepted 24 July, 2022

Abstract

Drought stress is especially important in countries where crop agriculture is essentially rain-fed. Drought stress causes an increase in solute concentration in the environment, leading to an osmotic flow of water out of plant cells. This in turn causes the solute concentration inside plant cells to increase, thus lowering water potential and disrupting membranes along with essential processes like photosynthesis. These drought-stressed plants consequently exhibit poor growth and yield. In worst case scenarios, the plants completely die. Certain plants have devised mechanisms to survive under low water conditions. These mechanisms have been classified as tolerance, avoidance or escape. Also, medicinal and aromatic plants have been an integral part of our daily life for thousands of years. There are cave paintings in which medicinal and aromatic herbs are depicted. To this day, modern research continues to discover health benefits of plants while illustrating the importance of preserving our ecosystem. This review may give applicable advice to commercial farmers and medicinal and aromatic plants researches for management and proper use of water in medicinal and aromatic plants farming under drought conditions and increases quantity and quality characteristics of medicinal and aromatic plants in arid and semi-arid areas.

Key words: Drought conditions, tillage system, essential oil content, water use efficiency, nitrate reductase activity, proline accumulation, medicinal and aromatic plants farming.

International Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension ISSN 2329-9797 Vol. 10 (8), pp. 001-005, August, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Some pomological characteristics of F₁ plum hybrids (Prunus domestica L.) developed in Cacak, Serbia

T. Milosevic¹* and N. Milosevic²

¹Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Fruit Growing and Viticulture, Cara Dusana 34, 32000 Cacak, Serbia.

²Fruit Research Institute, Department of Fruit Growing Technology, 32000 Cacak, Kralja Petra I/9, Serbia.

Accepted 12 June, 2021

Abstract

The paper presents results on the development of plum cultivars derived from Prunus domestica L. through planned hybridisation in Cacak (Serbia). Cacanska Lepotica, Cacanska Najbolja and Stanley cultivars were used as pollen donors, the Stanley being pollen recipient in all combinations. The study conducted over the 1991-2007 period resulted in the selection of seven highest-quality F₁ hybrids having, according to commonly accepted local and world criteria, positive pomological traits, the ones related to fruit size, mesocarp percentage and soluble solids content being most pronounced with the P₄ (23/III/90) and P₆ (11/IV/90) hybrids.

Key words: Pomological traits, cultivars, hybrids, plum, Prunus domestica L.

International Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension ISSN 2329-9797 Vol. 10 (7), pp. 001-004, July, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The effect of gibberellins on russeting in golden delicious apples

F. Nejatzadeh Barandoozi^1* and A. Talaie²

¹Department of agricultural engineering, Islamic Azad University of Khoy, Iran.

²Department of agricultural engineering, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Iran.

Accepted 12 June, 2021

Abstract

Russet on apples, Malus domestica Borkh and other fruits results in lowered fruit quality and substantial economic losses to growers. In this study we investigated the effect of GA₃ and GA₄₊₇ on russeting. Russeting index of fruits were estimated at harvest. Apple trees, twenty years old Golden Delicious was sprayed with GA₃ at the concentrations10-20 mgL^-1 and GA₄₊₇ at 5-10 mgL^-1 during petal-fall at 7-10 days 3 time again. All applied concentration of GA₃ and GA₄₊₇ reduced russeting in Golden Delicious cultivar significantly and significant difference was found between GA₃ and GA₄₊₇ actions. The application of GA₃ or GA₄₊₇ caused fruits to shift to elongated shape due to increase of L/D ratio. The application of GA₃ or GA₄₊₇ caused to increase the weight of Golden Delicious fruit significantly. When GA₃ or GA₄₊₇ were separately sprayed on Golden Delicious, it resulted in considerable decrease in russeting neither return bloom nor were fruit set influenced by treatment.

Key words: Apple russeting, golden delicious, gibberellins, GA₃ and GA_4+7.

International Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension ISSN 2329-9797 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-012, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Investigation of genetic relationship among yellow mosaic virus resistant cowpea lines by using microsatellite markers

T. D. Gioi¹*, K. S. Boora² and Kamla Chaudhary²

¹Cuulong delta Rice Research Institute, Tanthanh Thoilai, Cantho, Vietnam.

²Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar  125 004, Haryana, India.

Accepted 12 September, 2020

Abstract

Microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic basis of cowpea yellow mosaic virus (CYMV) resistance in 40 cowpea lines. A total of 60 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were used to screen polymorphism between stable resistance (GC-3) and susceptible (Chrodi) genotypes of cowpea. Among these, only 4 primers were polymorphic and these 4 SSR primer pairs were used to detect CYMV resistant genes among 40 cowpea genotypes. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of these SSR markers ranged from 0.30 to 0.72. A dendrogram of these genotypes based on microsatellite polymorphisms generally agreed with the CYMV resistant phenotype of these lines. All the genotypes could be divided into two major groups, separated at 45% similarity. The resistant group comprised of 18 cowpea lines with 77 to 100% similarity, in which 10 genotypes shared 100% similarity. Also, the two resistant lines were classified in a separate group with one susceptible line and joined with resistant group at 47% similarity. The susceptible group consisted of two subgroups with 71 and 77% similarity within each subgroup.

Key words: Cowpea yellow mosaic virus, resistance, genetic similarity, microsatellite, simple sequence repeat, markers, cowpea, polymorphism.

International Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension ISSN 2329-9797 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-008, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Review

A review on Justicia adhatoda: A potential source of natural medicine

Sandeep Dhankhar¹, Ramanjeet Kaur¹, S. Ruhil¹, M. Balhara¹, Seema Dhankhar² and A. K. Chhillar¹*

¹Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

²Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Accepted 15 September, 2020

Abstract

It has been established that up to 25% of the drugs prescribed in conventional medicines are allied directly or indirectly to natural substances mostly of plant origin. Hence, during the last few decades there has been an increasing interest in the study of medicinal plants and their long-established use in different countries. However, today it is compulsory to afford scientific testimony as to whether it is reasonable to use a plant or its active principles. As far as contemporary drugs are concerned they must be further characterized after their pharmacological screening by studying the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, including toxicity. Therefore the present communication constitutes a review on the medicinal properties, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetic and toxicity of an Indian medicinal plant, Justicia adhatoda. A wide range of phytochemical constituents have been isolated from J. adhatoda which possesses activities like antitussive, abortifacient, antimicrobial, cardiovascular protection, anticholinesterase, anti-inflammatory and other important activities. Although the medicinal values of this plant is due to the presence of small doses of active compounds which produce physiological actions in the human and animal body. Some important bioactive compounds have been reported in various part of J. adhatoda are essential oil and quinazoline alkaloids. Hence, extract of J.adhatoda could form one of the best options for developing novel natural medicine.

Key words: Justicia adhatoda, pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetic, phytochemistry, toxicity.

International Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension ISSN 2329-9797 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-011, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of seed soaking treatment with growth regulators on phytohormone level and sex modification in cucumber (CUCUMIS  SATIVUS  L.)

Hidayat Ullah¹*, Asghari Bano², K. M. Khokhar¹ and T. Mahmood¹

¹Vegetable Crops Research Programme, Horticulture Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Center Islamabad, Pakistan.

²Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-e- Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.

Accepted 09 November, 2020

Abstract

Field experiments were undertaken at national agricultural research centre Islamabad, Pakistan during 2004 and 2005 to study the seed soaking effects of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethrel), gibberellic acid and maleic hydrazide (MH) on sex modification in cucumber and to find out the critical phytohormones level of endogenous hormones for lowest sex ratio. Seeds were soaked in different concentrations of growth regulators for 20 h prior to sowing. Seed soaking with MH at 450 µmol/L highly increased the number of pistillate flowers and fruit yield per plant and decreased the sex ratio compared to that of untreated control. The phytohormone levels of indole acetic acid (IAA) at blooming and fruiting stages were significantly higher with MH at 450 µmol/L and had a positive significant correlation with the number of pistillate flower/plant and negative correlation with sex ratio. Fruit yield had also a positive significant correlation with endogenous IAA. Ethrel also significantly lowered the male to female sex ratio in cucumber.

Key words: Cucumis sativus, sex expression, ethrel, gibberellic acid and maleic hydrazide.