African Journal of Agriculture and Food Security

African Journal of Agriculture and Food Security ISSN 2375-1177 Vol. 8 (1), pp. 001-006, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of processing conditions on cyanide content and colour of cassava flours from West Africa

Franck Hongbété^1,3, Christian Mestres²*, Noël Akissoé¹ and Mathurin Coffi Nago¹

¹Centre Régional de Nutrition et d’Alimentation Appliquées, CERNA-UAC/FSA, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Bénin.

²CIRAD/UMR QualiSud, TA 70/16, 73 rue J. F. Breton, 34 398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.

³Faculté d’Agronomie, Université de Parakou, BP 123 Parakou, Bénin.

Accepted 02 December, 2019

Abstract

The evolution of cyanide content and colour were monitored during the processing of lafu, traditional flour and improved flour from five cassava cultivars from Benin. In addition, the total phenol, polyphe-noloxidase (PPO), peroxydase (POD) and linamarase activities were assessed. The processing of cassava in lafu and improved flour proved superior for producing safe and white non- fermented and fermented cassava flours with total cyanide mean values of 16.6 and 11.4 mg HCN/kg, db and DE values of 9.2 and 12.1, respectively. Detoxification appeared to be only linked to processing, in particular to the size reduction level of cassava roots, regardless of the initial cyanide level and the linamarase activity of the fresh roots. Cassava flour yellowness was closely linked to the phenol content (r = 0.95) that decreased after steeping and pressing. The PPO and POD activities did not appear to be linked to flour discoloration.

Key words: Manihot esculenta, cassava processing, cyanide, colour, total phenol, polyphenoloxidase, peroxydase, linamarase.

African Journal of Agriculture and Food Security ISSN 2375-1177 Vol. 7 (10), pp. 001-009, October, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Impact of small scale irrigation on household’s food security in Fentale District, East Showa Zone of Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia

Adem Kedir¹, Fekadu Beyene² and GirmaTeshome²

¹Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Werer agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

²Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, University of Haramaya, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.

Accepted 09 July, 2019

Abstract

The study analyzed the impact of small-scale irrigation on household food security. Multi- stage random sampling technique was used to select sample households. Data was collected from two groups (from 80 households’ participants in irrigation and from 80 households’ non participants in irrigation). Data was analyzed using descriptive and econometric techniques. Logit and Propensity score matching probability model was used to analyzed the data. The result of the model indicated that, participation in small-scale irrigation was positively influenced by education status of  household head, distance from local market and frequency of extension contact and negatively influenced by livestock holding, irrigation water source, dependency ratio and non-farm income. The result of average treatment effect showed that, daily calorie intake of households participants in irrigation increased approximately by 28 percent than non participant irrigation households. Participation in small-scale irrigation increased the calorie intake by 908.29 kilo calorie per adult equivalent per day or increased by 28.52% over those households non participant in irrigation. These showed that the intervention in small scale irrigation was positive and there is a statically significant mean difference between the participants and non participants. The result revealed that, development of small scale irrigation for pastoral and agro pastorals households can make a significant contribution towards increased food security. Therefore, the study recommends that, continuous investment in small scale irrigation system should be encouraged to promote small scale irrigation development in similar lowland areas of Ethiopia to ensure pastoral and agro pastorals household food security.

Keywords: Household food security, propensity score matching, Logit, small-scale irrigation, daily calorie intake.

African Journal of Agriculture and Food Security ISSN 2375-1177 Vol. 7 (10), pp. 001-005, October, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of deep frying on furazolidone anticoccidial drug residues in liver and muscle tissues of chicken

Anakalo A. Shitandi¹*, Oketch Aila², Stellah Ottaro¹, Leakey Aliong’o¹, Grace Mwangi¹, Harish Kumar- Sharma³ and Matofari Joseph¹

¹Guildford institute, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 Egerton 20107 Kenya.

²Ministry of health, P.O. Box 42 Oyugis Kenya.

³Food Technology Department, Sant Longowal Institute of Technology, Longowal. Sangrur-148106. Punjab, India.

Accepted 15 August, 2019

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of deep frying (210^oC/15 min) on furazolidone residues in liver and muscle tissues of chicken. Furazolidone was administered (2 mg/kg body weight) orally to chicken daily for five days. The hens were then sacrificed at 1, 5, 24 168 and 264 h after treatment stopped and liver and muscle tissue samples obtained. The samples were deep fried, blended with distilled water and then centrifuged at 6000 rpm for five minutes. The supernatant was analyzed for the concentration of the drug using a using the Delvotest SP microbiological assay. A detection limit of 11.0 g/ml was obtained with spiked liver tissues contaminated with Furazolidone. Furazolidone residues were detected in fried liver and muscle tissues 264 h post treatment. It was concluded that furazolidone drug residues in chicken liver and muscle tissues were not destroyed by deep frying.

Key words: Furazolidone, depletion rate, delvotest test, poultry, deep frying.

African Journal of Agriculture and Food Security ISSN 2375-1177 Vol. 7 (10), pp. 001-008, October, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Nutritional evaluation of four optimized cassava-based complementary foods

O.  O. Onabanjo^{1, 2}*, C. R. B. Oguntona¹, Bussie Maziya-Dixon², I. O. Olayiwola¹, E. B. Oguntona³ and A. G. O. Dixon²

¹Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria,

²International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria,

³Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Accepted 02 July, 2019

Abstract

Complementary foods were formulated and their nutritional composition analyzed from three yellow and one white cassava varieties. The composites were analyzed for proximate, mineral, fatty acids and amino acids. The mean values for the proximate composition of the diets are moisture (41.4 g kg^-1) wet weight, ash (47.4 g kg^-1), crude protein (145.8 g kg ^-1), crude fat (106.7 g kg^-1), crude fiber (21.1 g kg^-1), total carbohydrate (633.5 g kg^-1), and energy (409.2 kcal) . The diets supplied adequate amounts of most minerals, except iron (about 65% of the standard). The composites contained all the essential amino acids with adequate chemical score for most amino acids. The complementary diets contained moderate to high proportions of -linolenic acids (18:3n3) and a high proportion of linoleic acid (18:2n6), which resulted in a high total n-6/total n-3 ratio and a high linoleic/ -linolenic acids ratio. Micronutrient improved cassava varieties can be effectively used to formulate complementary food as acceptable micronutrients supplement.

Key words: micronutrient-improved, cassava, complementary foods, children.

African Journal of Agriculture and Food Security ISSN 2375-1177 Vol. 7 (10), pp. 001-005, October, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Characterization of the gelatin of the flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans) and its interaction with starch

L. D. Abbey^1,2*, P-N. T. Johnson¹ and N. K. Howell²

¹Food Research Institute (CSIR),P. O. Box M 20, Accra, Ghana.

²School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences,University of Surrey,Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.

Accepted 21 July, 2019

Abstract

Gelatin extracted from the skin of the flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans L,) was characterised and its interaction with cassava starch mixtures of different ratio concentrations was investigated by rheology and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) . Protein and moisture were the main proximate composition, whilst glycine was the main amino acid. The gelatin had high bloom (275 g) strength with high imino acids, proline and hydroxyproline, content of 217/1000 residues. Gelation temperatures increased as more starch is used in the mixtures, ranging from 19.0°C for gelatin to starch ratio 4:1 to 70.1°C for mixture 1:4. Inclusion of cassava starch also increased the elastic modulus of the gelatin phase. Therefore, gelatin from flying gurnard skin has a potential to serve as an alternative source of non-bovine or porcine gelatin for food applications.

Key words: Gelatin, amino acids, bloom strength, storage modulus, starch.

African Journal of Agriculture and Food Security ISSN 2375-1177 Vol. 7 (9), pp. 001-005, September, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluating antioxidant property of brown ALGA Colpomenia sinuosa (DERB. ET SOL)

Lekameera. R, P. Vijayabaskar and S. T. Somasundaram*

Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai –608 502, Tamilnadu, India.

Accepted 21 June, 2019

Abstract

The brown alga, Colpomenia sinuosa was subjected to DPPH (1,1- diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl), nitric oxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, scavenging of ABTS radical and Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) inhibitory assays to assess its antioxidant property. The dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and methanol extracts showed highest antioxidant activity in DPPH (96.56 and 88.57%), nitric oxide radical (81.2 ± 4.1% and 76.69 ± 3.1 %), hydrogen peroxide (70.7 ± 3.5 and 56.6 ± 2.0%) and ABTS (76.8 ± 3.8% and 74.0 ± 2.8%). The moderate activity was observed in total antioxidant capacity (60.3 ± 4.3 and 57.0 ± 2.0) assay. The activity was higher and comparable to that of commercial antioxidants butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) (87.38 ± 1.32%) and butylated hydroxy tolune (BHT) (56.05 ± 0.19%) at 2 mg/ml concentration. The significant free radical scavenging activity of C. sinuosa indicated that it could be a potential source for natural antioxidant lead molecules.

Key words: ABTS, Colpomenia sinuosa, DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide radical.