African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-008, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Allele and genotype frequencies of cytochrome P450 2B6 and 2C19 genetic polymorphisms in the Nigerian populations: Possible implication on anti-retroviral and anti-malarial therapy

Benjamin U. Ebeshi^1,2*, Oluseye O. Bolaji¹ and Collen M. Masimirembwa³

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.

²Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

³African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology (AiBST), Harare, Zimbabwe.

Accepted 07 January, 2019

Abstract

The study was carried out to investigate the distribution of polymorphic CY2B6 and CYP2C19 alleles and genotype frequencies in the three major Nigeria ethnic groups in order to evaluate their implications on therapeutic outcome. Three hundred unrelated subjects from the three major Nigerian ethnic groups of Hausa, Ibo and Yoruba who consented to the study were genotyped for CYP2B6*6, CYP2C19*2 and *3 alleles using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) and DNA sequencing techniques. The frequencies of the CYP2B6*6 poor metabolizer (PM) genotype (15631G>T (Q172H) and/or 18053A>G (K262R) were not significantly different (p>0.05) occurring at 21% in Hausa, 17% in Ibo and 17% in Yoruba while the corresponding allele frequencies were 42, 36, and 42%, respectively. The frequencies of the CYP2C19 PM genotype (CYP2C19*2/*2) were significantly different (p>0.05) and found to be 2.1% in Hausa, 8% in Ibo, and 0% in Yoruba, while for the intermediate metabolizer (IM) genotype (CYP2C19*1/*2), the frequencies were 20.6, 41.6 and 20.8%, respectively. The defective CYP2C19*3 allele, prevalent in oriental populations, was not detected in this study. The CYP2B6*6 ALLELE frequency was being evaluated for the first time in Nigerian populations with no significant variation amongst the three major ethnic groups but occurs at a high frequency. The PM genotype of frequency, CYP2C19*2/*2 showed significant variations in Nigerian populations, especially the 8% found in the Ibos.

Key words: Genetic polymorphisms, CYP2B6, CY2C19, genotyping, Nigerian populations.

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-006, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Physico-chemical characteristics of Anopheles breeding sites: Impact on fecundity and progeny development

I.O. Oyewole¹*, O.O. Momoh¹, G.N. Anyasor¹, A.A. Ogunnowo ¹, C.A. Ibidapo², O.A. Oduola³, J.B.Obansa³ and T.S. Awolola⁴

¹Babcock University Ilisan Remo, Nigeria.

²Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria.

³University of Lagos, Nigeria.

⁴The Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.

Accepted 13 January, 2019

Abstract

Mosquitoes exploit almost all types of aquatic habitats for breeding. Prevailing physicochemical parameters in these habitats are important factors for survival and development of mosquito. Here, six water samples from Atlantic Ocean, River, well, distilled (control), rain and borehole water were used to culture Anopheline eggs collected from pure bred of Kisimu species. The development of eggs to 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd and 4^th instars larval, pupal and adult stages were observed from day 1 to 6 using six replicates of each water sample. The number of eggs laid (fecundity) by the emerged adults were estimated using counting microscope. Level of development in emerged adults was determined using the wing size. The analysis of the physicochemical parameters of the water samples was carried out in the Nigerian Institute of Marine and Oceanography. The physicochemical characteristics were compared with the rates of development and fecundity of the Anopheline species. Statistical analysis using ANOVA indicates no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the hatchability of the eggs. However, the rates of larval development to pupal stage and subsequent adult emergence showed a level of significant difference (P < 0.05). Also, wing length for determining adult size showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). This study provides information on mosquito ecology in relation to breeding habitat which may have bearing on vector population and distribution as well as malaria transmission in a particular area.

Key words: Malaria, Anopheles mosquitoes, breeding habitat, physico-chemical properties.

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 7 (3), pp. 001-003, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Editorial

Changing the malaria environment 

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 7 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Cerebral malaria among children from central Sudan and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mutation

Mohammed S. Zaroog¹, Ahmed EL Tahir^2,3*, Adil Mergani³, ELfatih Hashim⁴, Mohamed Gumma⁵, Bella Awadelseed⁴, Ali Babkier Haboor³ and Nase ELdin M. A. Elwali³

¹Department of Biochemistry, Applied Medical Science, University of Gezira, Sudan.

^2,3Faculty of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

³Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Gezira, Sudan

⁴Faculty of Medicine, University of Sinnar, Sudan

⁵Singa Hospital, Ministry of Health, Sudan.

Accepted 03 January, 2019

Abstract

The study was carried out to investigate the distribution of cerebral malaria in central region and to identify ICAM-1 alleles and genotypes frequency in Sudanese population in the region. Fifty children with cerebral malaria and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls with no history of cerebral malaria were enrolled in the study. The highest incidencts of cerebral malaria were found between the ages of 4– 8 years. From 10 different tribal stocks, 28% of incidents belongs to the Johayna tribe in the western region of central Sudan. The incidence of cerebral malaria in this study is influenced by geographical, age, and ethnic factors with no gender variation. From this study four (8%) of study subjects died, 4 (8%) survived with neurological sequelae and 42 (84%) were discharged alive and healthy after treatment regimen. The use of allele specific PCR (ASP) for genetic analysis in this study, indicated incidence of the heterozygous form (K29/M29) is 26% in cerebral malaria patients and 12% in the control group, while only one (2%) mutant homozygous (M29/M29) was detected in cerebral malaria patients group. All subjects who carried mutant allele (heterozygous and homozygous mutant) had 3 times susceptibility to cerebral malaria than the other group, (P-value= 0.038, Odd Ratio = 2.5; 95% CI 1.011 - 6.181). The incidence of ICAM-1^kilifi allele frequency in the study group was 11%, and this may increase the risk for susceptibility to cerebral malaria in Sudanese children inhabiting in these regions.

Key words: ICAM-1; cerebral malaria; children; central Sudan.

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 7 (3), pp. 001-002, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals 

Editorial

Artemisinin resistant malaria on the horizon

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 7 (3), pp. 001-003, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

Malaria parasitaemia among pregnant women with multiple child birth attending ante-natal clinics in parts of Idah and Igalamela/Odolu Local Government Areas of Kogi State, Nigeria

O. Yahaya*, O. E. Miachi, I. O. Umar and E. Uwaokhonye

Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria.

Accepted 26 October, 2018

Abstract

The prevalence of malaria parasitaemia/ anaemia among pregnant women with multiple child birth were determined during two malaria transmission seasons in rural Idah and Igalamela-Odolu Local Government Areas of Kogi State. In each survey questionnaires were administered on previous number of child births and gestational age, while presence or absence of malaria parasitaemia was determined. A total of 797 pregnant women were enrolled in five (5) major clinics attended by pregnant women. A total of 384 (48.2%) had microscopic parasitaemia. There were more positive cases among primigravidae and the results showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the primigravidae and multigravidae, but showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the number of child births. More women were infected between the age ranges of 16–25.

Key words: Malaria, pregnant, parasitamia, gravidae, gestation age.