African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 9 (12), pp. 001-007, December, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and chromosomal determinants in surface water of Bangladesh

Hasan M. Zahid¹*, Zinat Mahal ², and Mamun R. Chowdhury²

¹Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, G.P.O. Box No.-3787, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.

²Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.

Accepted 3 October, 2021

Abstract

A total of 210 different bacteria were isolated from water samples collected in different surveillance sites in Bangladesh between May and July 2004. Of these, 147 isolates were analyzed and 103 were identified by different biochemical tests as well as stereotyped with specific antiserum. Sixty five percent of these isolates were identified as Escherichia coli which were resistant to multiple drugs including tetracycline, nalidixic acid, kanamycin, streptomycin and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The remaining thirty five percent of the isolates were Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Staphylococcus and Klebsiella. Most of the V. cholerae were nalidixic acid, streptomycin and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistant. Almost 90% of nalidixic acid resistant V. cholera were stereotyped as non O1. The remaining 10% were O1 and O139. All bacteria were used to isolate plasmid DNA to compare plasmid patterns. The plasmid contents of representative drug resistant strains were analyzed by electroporation to determine the location of antibiotic resistant gene whether it was chromosomal or extrachromosomal. The results of these experiments suggested that Bangladeshi environmental water including rivers, lakes and ponds contained a large number of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and almost all antibiotic resistant determinants were located in the chromosome instead of plasmid.

Key words: Antibiotic resistant bacteria, chromosomal determinants, surface water.

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 9 (11), pp. 001-006, November, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Intergenic and intragenic conjugal transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance determinants among bacteria in the aquatic environment of Bangladesh

Hasan M. Zahid¹* Zinat Mahal ² and Mamun R. Chowdhury²

¹Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, G.P.O. Box No.-3787, Dhaka- 1000, Bangladesh.

²Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.

Accepted 30 September, 2021

Abstract

Conjugation process was conducted to determine the means of transferring multiple loci of antibiotic resistant gene among bacteria in the surface water of Bangladesh. Our observation demonstrated that tetracycline resistant gene can be spread between bacteria in the aquatic environment. In this study, it was surprisingly observed that tetracycline resistant gene was transferable horizontally by conjugation process from Vibrio cholerae to Esherichia coli (intergenic) and E. coli to E. coli (intragenic) in combination with sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT), streptomycin and erythromycin as a self transposable tetracycline element. In intergenic transfer, conjugation frequency was more than intragenic transfer. Frequencies of transfer generally ranged from 10^-5 to 10^-3 transconjugants per input donor and recipient cell. The results of these experiments suggested that the mobility of the antibiotic resistance determinants may further contribute to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria, particularly since antibiotics are indiscriminately used in Bangladesh.

Key words: Conjugation, gene transfer, aquatic environment.

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 9 (10), pp. 001-008, October, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala, Cameroon

Ndjama Joséphine^1,2*, Kamgang Kabeyene Beyala Véronique^1,3, Sigha Nkamdjou Luc², Ekodeck Georges¹, Tita Margaret Awah³

¹Laboratory of Geology of the Engineer and Alterology, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon.

²  Hydrological Research Center (HRC), Institute of Geological and Mining Research (IRGM), P. O. Box 4110 Nlongkak-Yaounde, Cameroon.

³Laboratory of Geology, Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teacher training school, University of Yaounde , P.O. Box 47, Yaounde I, Cameroon.

Accepted 15 September, 2021

Abstract

With a view to contribute to the hygiene condition and improvement in the urban zones of Cameroon, a survey was carried out in March 2007 among 1400 households with respect to the water supply, sanitation and health risks in seven quarters of spontaneous habitat of Douala town. It results from this study that the majority of participants were married (76%). The populations are supplied with of water especially by CAMWATER network (49% of households) and wells (50% of households). The majority of participants evacuate solid waste in public refuse vats (56% of households). Household’s wastewater is especially discharged around the houses (21% of households) and in rivers (20% of households). The companies present in the quarters discharge their wastewater in the drains. 52% of households deposit their excrements in latrines. We noticed in these quarters a prevalence of residences made out of hard materials (43% of households). Cholera (88.5% of households), Diarrhoea (70% of households), Dysenteries (74% of households), Typhoid fever (72% of households), Malaria (32% of households) and skin diseases (76% of households) were the most frequent diseases. These results highlight problems for which, it would firstly be necessary to attack in the research of the improvement strategies for hygiene conditions in the populations of an urban environment.

Key words: Environment, sanitation, water, diseases, Douala.

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 9 (9), pp. 001-005, September, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assesment of the water quality and prevalence of water borne diseases in Amassoma, Niger Delta, Nigeria

L. L. Nwidu¹*, B. Oveh¹, T. Okoriye¹ and N. A. Vaikosen²

¹Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. ²Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Accepted 18 July, 2021

Abstract

The chemical and microbiological properties were investigated at the bank and midstream of the Ammassoma River used for domestic water consumption. Also, retrospective study was conducted at Amassoma General Hospital to ascertain the extent of water borne diseases by studying the case notes of 100 subjects from 2005 - 2007. The carbon-oxygen demand (COD) and biological-oxygen demand (BOD)5 at the bank and midstream of the river are 3.664 ± 0.289 (mean ± SEM) and 2.112 ± 0.864 mg/L (p<0.0634), 2.236 ± 0.161 and 1.83 ± 0.792 mg/L (p < 0.328), respectively. The number of faecal coliform detected in the river, at the bank and midstream are 581.5 ± 225.57; 1100 ± 306.19 and 63.0 ± 28.362 (p < 0.0163) respectively. The number of patients with reported complaints and diagnosed with water related diseases are 13 (14.61%), 31 (34.83%) and 45 (50.56%) for the periods 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. The water related diseases that were consistently reported and diagnosed for the period are cholera (3.37%), diarrhea (44.94%), dysentery (16.85%), and typhoid fever (34.83%). The quality of the water and the prevalence of water related diseases in the hospitals were casually related to the contamination of the river in the community.

Key words: Water quality, heavy metals, faecal coliforms, health impact, retrospective study, Amassoma River.

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 9 (8), pp. 001-004, August, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antimicrobial properties of tropical plants against 12 pathogenic bacteria isolated from aquatic organisms

Lee Seong Wei*, Najiah Musa, Chuah Tse Sengm, Wendy Wee and Noor Azhar Mohd Shazili

Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agrotechnology and Food Science, University of Malaysia, Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.

Accepted 17 July, 2021

Abstract

Disk diffusion technique was used to determine the antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of edible tropical plant against 12 clinical and pathogenic bacterial strains isolated from aquatic animals. They were Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Edwardsiella tarda, Aeromonas hydrophilla, Salmonella sp., Schewanella putrifaciens and Streptococcus sp. The zone of inhibition varies depending on bacterial species and type of extract. The average diameter of inhibition zones ranges from without inhibition zone to 12 mm and without inhibition zone to 11 mm for water and methanolic extract, respectively. All the 9 plants tested showed antimicrobial activity against one or more species of bacteria. The most active antimicrobial plants were Colocasia esculenta, Citrus microcarpa, Centella asiatica and Morinda citrifolia.

Key words: Antimicrobial activity, edible plants, crude extract.

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 9 (7), pp. 001-004, July, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Phenotypic variability among strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from avian, bovine, caprine, leporine and ovine origin

Sarah O. Ekundayo, Moses O. Odugbo*, Atanda O. Olabode and Philip A. Okewole

National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.

Accepted 7 June, 2021

Abstract

Phenotypic diversity among 69 field isolates plus 3 vaccine strains previously identified as Pasteurella multocida were investigated by extended phenotypic characterization. The field isolates were obtained in Nigeria from chickens (15 isolates), quail (5 isolates), cattle (31 isolates), goats (7 isolates), sheep (8 isolates), rabbits (3 isolates) and the vaccine strains (3 isolates), which are used as prophylaxis against fowl cholera and haemorrhagic septicaemia diseases. Consistent results were obtained for all isolates in the test for Gram reaction, oxidase, catalase, urease, no growth on MacConkey agar and nitrate reduction. All isolates also fermented D-glucose, D-mannitol, and sucrose but failed to ferment lactose. The isolates differed in their ability to ferment L-arabinose, D-dulcitol, D-sorbitol, D-xylose and in the production of indole and H₂S in triple sugar iron agar resulting in the identification of 8 biochemical types or biovars. Dulcitol and sorbitol fermentation patterns meant that the isolates (including the vaccine strains) could be identified as subspecies Pasteurella multocida multocida (74%), Pasteurella multocida septica (18%), or Pasteurella multocida gallicida (8%). The subspecies P. m. multocida was demonstrated in all the animal species and the vaccine strains. Among the animal species studied, P.m. septica was demonstrated in all but the leporine species while P.m. gallicida was demonstrated only in the avian and ovine species. This characterization study adds to the considerable phenotypic variability that has been reported within the P. multocida taxon.

Key words: Animal species, Nigeria, Pasteurella multocida, phenotypic, subspeciation.