International Journal of Irrigation and Water Management

International Journal of Irrigation and Water Management Vol. 7 (6), pp. 001-010, June, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Morphological responses of forage sorghums to salinity and irrigation frequency

Saberi A. R.¹*, Siti Aishah H.², R. A. Halim² and Zaharah A. R.³

¹Scientific Board of Agricultural and Natural Science Research Center of Golestan Province, Gorgan, Iran.

²Department of Crop Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

³Department of Land Management, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Accepted 10 March, 2020

Abstract

Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality water restricts its use. In particular, water stress is associated with low availability of water, as well as osmotic effects associated with salinity. The response of forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] varieties to salinity and irrigation frequency were studied from December 2007 to December 2009. Two forage sorghum varieties (Speedfeed and KFS4) were grown under salinity levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15 dS m^-1 and irrigated when the leaf water potential reached -1.0 (control), -1.5 and -2.0 MPa. Irrigation frequency and salinity were found to affect the morphology and growth of the forage sorghum. Maximum number of leaves was produced in non-saline soil (13.5 leaves plant^-1) with normal irrigation (12.4 leaves plant^-1). Low soil water and high salinity reduced the number of leaves as well as the number of tillers produced. Leaf area of plants were also reduced in response to salinity and decreasing soil water availability, while the suppressive effect was magnified under the combined effect of the two factors. Significant differences in stem diameter were found between the frequently and the least frequently watered plants, and stem diameter decreased with increasing salinity. Leaf firing increased with increasing salinity reaching 59.9% in the extreme salinity treatment of 15 dS m^-1, and it increased with increasing water stress reaching 48.6% in the extreme water stress treatment of -2 MPa. Under stress condition, the KFS4 variety had a better performance in terms of morphological and growth parameters compared to Speedfeed variety. The threshold concentration was found to vary with variety. However, in control treatment, Speedfeed variety had greater leaf area, plant heights, number of leaf and number of tiller.

Key words: Salinity, irrigation frequency, morphologic parameters, forage sorghum.

International Journal of Irrigation and Water Management Vol. 7 (6), pp. 001-008, June, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of partial rootzone drying and conventional deficit irrigation on yield and quality parameters of “Williams Pride” apple cultivar drafted on M9 rootstock

Ulas Senyigit* and Fatmagul Ozge Ozdemir

Department of Agricultural Structure and Irrigation, Faculty of Agriculture,Suleyman Demirel University, TR 32260 Isparta, Turkey.

Accepted 18 January, 2020

Abstract

Fruit yield and quality of 4 year old “Williams Pride” apple trees on M9 rootstock under partial rootzone drying (PRD) were studied over 2 years. Irrigation treatments were control irrigation (CI), conventional deficit irrigation (DI), and two different partial rootzone drying (PRDI and PRDII). In PRD, irrigation water was applied alternately on one side of the tree’s rows and the other side was not irrigated. While the irrigated side was changed at every irrigation in PRDI, the side that was not irrigated was changed at every other irrigation in PRDII. Total irrigation water amount was 324.1 and 314.2 mm for CI in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Applied irrigation water amount for DI, PRDI and PRDII was 50% of the CI. The ranking of water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values was maintained as PRDII>PRDI>DI>CI in average, in 2009 and 2010. Consequently, minimal or no differences between PRDII and CI treatments were determined in vegetative growth, some yield components and fruit quality. These results recommended that PRD treatments are more effective water saving irrigation technology with a higher WUE and not reduce fruit quality for apple trees compared to regulated deficit irrigation.

Key words: Apple, yield, irrigation water, partial rootzone drying, water use efficiency.

International Journal of Irrigation and Water Management ISSN 5423-5294 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 001-014, May, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Climate reactive strategies for improving cotton yield: A case study ofGujarat State, India

R B Singandhupe¹*, A Manikandan¹, D Blaise¹ and S Chattaraj²

¹ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur,India.

²ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and land Use Planning, Nagpur, India.

Accepted 02 May, 2020

Abstract

Moisture stress at the critical stage is a major constraint in rainfed cotton. Assessment of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and its utilization strategy is imperative to boost rainfed cotton production. To overcome, daily meteorological parameters of 10 cotton growing districts of Gujarat, India were recorded from 2001 to 2011 and multiple regressions between lint yields and various climatic variables, crop evapotranspiration (ETc) at four critical stages of cotton were done. Water deficit, surplus, actual evapotranspiration, soil storage, change in soil water storage was calculated for different non-Bt. and Bt. cotton-growing years. The results revealed that ETo was 662-947, 414-687, and 1076-1596 mm, and rainfall was 490-1150, 5.5-35, and 442-1210 mm from June to December, January-April and overall crop growth period, respectively. The impact of rainfall, ETc on lint yield was 51 to 92 % (R2) and was highly significant at the critical growth stage. The ETc was 670 to 936 mm and the water use efficiency (WUE) was 0.13 to 0.83 kg /ha-mm. Low WUE was recorded in non-Bt growing years. Based on the meteorological parameters, it is concluded that under rainfed situation the supplemental irrigation is essential after the withdrawal of monsoon rain and in extended cotton (January-April). The conserved rainwater could be effectively used during the cotton boll development stage,  which intern increases the lint yield as well as WUE.

Keywords: Climatic variables, Climatic Water Balance Parameters, Rainfed cotton, Reference ETo, WUE

International Journal of Irrigation and Water Management ISSN 5423-5294 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Determination of the yield response factor for field crop deficit irrigation

Najarchi, M.¹*, Kaveh, F.², Babazadeh, H.³ and Manshouri, M.⁴

¹Department of Water Engineering, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

²Department of water engineering school of agriculture and natural resources science and research unit of Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran.

³Department of water engineering school of agriculture and natural resources science and research unit of Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran.

⁴Department of water engineering school of agriculture and natural resources science and research unit of Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran.

Accepted 21 January, 2019

Abstract

The irrigation network of Taleghan Dam Reservoir was used to determine yield response factor for maize (Zea mays), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), and barley (Hodeum vulgare) in the Qazvin Plain of Iran. Dependent variable actual crop yield and independent variables including climate data were obtained from Qazvin Plain Irrigation Company. Data were gathered from five fields in Qazvin province between 2002 to 2009. Potential evapotranspiration was calculated by the Penman-Monteith method. Actual evapotranspiration (ET_a) was measured based on the irrigation requirement at the fields. Yield response factor (K_y) was obtained for four crop stages including vegetative, flowering, grain filling, and ripening, and calculated for the total growing period. The K_y values for maze, winter wheat and barley in different stages of their growth periods including vegetative, flowering, grain filling, ripening and total growing period were equal to (0.48, 1.45, 0.55, 0.29 and 1.55), (0.60, 0.68, 0.87, 0.69 and 1.20) and (0.50, 0.82, 0.75, 0.57 and 1.10), respectively. The bias error less than 15% between averages of estimated and observed yields verified the results. These results were compared with K_y obtained by FAO and other studies separately. There is a satisfactory correlation between K_y calculated using this research and other studies.

Key words: Yield response factor, actual and maximum evapotranspiration, actual and maximum yield.

International Journal of Irrigation and Water Management ISSN 5423-5294 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-008, April, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Selection of resistance and sensitive cultivars of lentil in Ardabil region of Iran under irrigation and non-irrigation conditions

Shahzad Jamaati-e-Somarin* and Roghayyeh Zabihi-e-Mahmoodabad

Young Researchers Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.

Accepted 21 October, 2019

Abstract

In order to evaluate drought tolerance indices of lentil cultivars in the Ardabil region, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was arranged at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil branch, Ardabil, Iran, in 2010. The factors included two conditions of planting levels (irrigation and non-irrigation) and five lentil cultivars (ILL 1180, ILL 1324, ILL 1251, ILL1237, and native cultivars). Irrigation included complete irrigation from planting until maturity and non-irrigation from seed emergence until harvesting. The results showed that the length of vegetative and reproductive periods, total number of pod and seed per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield and harvest index were of higher rates under irrigation than the stress (non-irrigation). Also, it was found that ILL 1180 and ILL 1324 cultivars possessed the highest and lowest values for all traits, respectively. Yield loss of the ILL 1180 under stress, was about 308.22 kg/ha (23.31%) than the normal conditions. This value for the ILL 1324 was approximately 448.53 kg/ha (35.51%). Also, ILL 1180 showed the lowest tolerance against stress (TOL) and stress susceptibility index (SSI) and the highest mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP) and stress tolerance index (STI) indices. ILL 1324 possessed the highest TOL, SSI and STI and ILL1237 showed the lowest MP and GMP indices. So, ILL1180 and ILL1251 were the superior cultivars under both conditions in terms of high yield and tolerance against drought stress. ILL1237 was distinguished as the most susceptible cultivar as well.

Key words: Lentil, yield, normal and stress conditions, drought tolerance index.

International Journal of Irrigation and Water Management ISSN 5423-5294 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-007, April, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Microbial and physicochemical quality of an urban reclaimed wastewater used for irrigation and aquaculture in South Africa

Odjadjare E. E. O.^1,2*, Igbinosa E. O.² and Okoh A. I.²

¹Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Western Delta University, P. M. B. 10, Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria.

²Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.

Accepted 10 November, 2019

Abstract

We evaluated the microbial (listerial) and physicochemical quality of a reclaimed municipal wastewater (RW) used for irrigation and aquaculture in South Africa between August 2007 and July 2008. Listerial density in RW ranged between 9.6 × 10³ and 2.8 × 10⁵ cfu/100 ml. pH varied from 6.7 to 7.75 while temperature ranged between 18 and 27°C. Turbidity varied between 1.6 and 19 NTU whereas chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranged from 10 to 965 mg/l. Total dissolved solids (TDS) for RW varied between 288 and 715 mg/l while dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged between 0.14 and 6.1 mg/l. Other parameters recorded the following values after wastewater reclamation: Nitrate (0.27 – 6.8 mg NO₃^-N/l); Nitrite (0.12 - 6.3 mg NO ₂^- N/l); and Orthophosphate (PO₄^3-) (0.08 – 2.17 mg PO₄^3- P/l). Although the physicochemical quality of the RW was generally compliant with recommended standards, its microbial quality disqualifies it for use in agriculture and aquaculture in lieu of the public health implication for farm workers and consumers of the farm produce.

Key words: Reclaimed wastewater, Listeria, physicochemical, irrigation, aquaculture, public health, environment.