African Journal of Immunology Research

African Journal of Immunology Research ISSN 9431-5833 Vol. 7 (2), pp. 001-011, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of IMMUNEPOTENT CRP in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human macrophages

Moisés A. Franco-Molina*, Edgar Mendoza-Gamboa, Diana F. Miranda-Hernández, Crystel A. Sierra-Rivera, Pablo Zapata-Benavides, Magda E. Vera-García, Reyes S. Tamez-Guerra and Cristina Rodríguez-Padilla

Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, N. L. México.

Accepted 13 September, 2019

Abstract

IMMUNEPOTENT CRP is a mixture of low molecular weight substances, some of which have been shown to be clinically effective for a broad spectrum of diseases, maintaining the immune system and increasing the quality of life of the patients. To determine whether IMMUNEPOTENT CRP modulates the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated human macrophages; U-937 cells were differentiated to macrophages with PMA (10 ng/mL), stimulated with LPS (50 ng/mL), and treated with IMMUNEPOTENT CRP (0, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 U/mL). Thereafter, the antioxidant (Total antioxidant, CAT, GPx, and SOD), inflammatory (NO, TNF-α, COX-2, PGD₂), IκB phosphorylation, and NF-κB DNA binding activities were evaluated by ELISA and colorimetric enzymatic assays. The IMMUNEPOTENT CRP significantly increased the Total antioxidant, CAT, GPx, and SOD activities, and significantly decreased the NO, and TNF-α production, COX-2 and PGD₂ activities, IκB phosphorylation, NF-κB p50 and p65 subunit DNA binding activity in LPS-stimulated human macrophages (*P<0.05). Our results demonstrated that IMMUNEPOTENT CRP plays an important role in modulating the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through IκB/NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated human macrophages, suggesting that IMMUNEPOTENT CRP is an effective therapeutic agent in process involved in oxidative cellular damage and clinical inflammatory diseases.

Key words: Dialyzable leukocyte extract, NF-κB, TNF-α.

African Journal of Immunology Research ISSN 9431-5833 Vol. 7 (2), pp. 001-010, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Immune and antioxidant defenses in an autogenous Aedes caspius mosquito upon infection with Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki

Ashraf M. Ahmed

Zoology Department, Collage of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 10 September, 2019

Abstract

This study investigates the glutathione-immunity interaction upon infection of both larval and adult stages of Aedes caspius with Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk). The anti-oxidative stress, in terms of glutathione (GSH) titer, and melanization immune response, in terms of phenoloxidase (PO) titer, was investigated. Data from Btk-infected larvae showed no or significant lower GSH titer at 12 or 24 h post-treatment respectively compared to control larvae. On the other hand, no PO activity was detected at both time points post-Btk infection. This may indicate that oxidative stress in larvae was increased while antibacterial response was blocked upon Btk infection. Bacteria-inoculated adult mosquitoes showed higher GSH activity at 12 and 24 h post-inoculation with Btk and E. coli compared to control ones, and was more pronounced in E. coli-inoculated mosquitoes. On the other hand, PO titer showed significant higher PO activity at 12 and 24 h post-inoculation with each kind of bacteria, but was more pronounced against E. coli. These results may indicate that antibacterial and antioxidtive responses are more pronounced against Btk in adult stage compared to larval stage, which may be attributed to the difference in the mode of infection and/or mosquito stage. Moreover, inhibition of both antibacterial and antioxidtive responses upon Btk infection in larval stage may explain its high larvicidal activity. More markers of oxidative stress in Btk-infected mosquitoes still to be investigated.

Key words: Immune response, antioxidant response, oxidative stress, glutathione, Aedes caspius, Bacillus thuringiensis.

African Journal of Immunology Research ISSN 9431-5833 Vol. 7 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Study of antivirus, antibacteria and immune functions of Gaoreqing freeze-dried powder

Nian XIN¹, Wei LI², Yu-Juan LI¹, Xiao-Ke MA¹, Zhen-Ping FU¹ and Yan LI¹*

¹School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R., China.

²The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R., China.

Accepted 09 September, 2019

Abstract

Gaoreqing freeze-dried powder was effective fraction extracted from Lonicera japonica Thunb., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl. It was confirmed to have certain anti-virus, anti-bacterial effects and immuno-enhancing activities. Cell culture and influenza viral pneumonia model of mouse were used to study its antiviral effect. Plate culture and pathogenic bacteria-infected model in mouse were established to examine its anti-bacterial effect. Carbon particle clearance test and determination of serum hemolysin were done to observe its immune-enhancing effect. The results showed that Gaoreqing had significant effect on inhibiting cytopathic effect induced by various viruses. Compared with virus control group, high and middle dosage groups could significantly decrease the pulmonary index, pulmonary virus hemagglitination titer in influenza viral pneumonia model of mouse (P < 0.01). It showed obvious inhibitory effects on Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, pneumococcus and so on. Gaoreqing also had obvious protective effect on mice infected by S. aureus and pneumococcus. In addition, phagocytosis and 50% hemolyzing concentration of mice were obviously reinforced by Gaoreqing (P < 0.05 to 0.01). The results obtained here demonstrated that Gaoreqing had obvious anti-virus and anti-bacterial effects and enhanced immune function in mice.

Key words: Gaoreqing freeze-dried powder, anti-virus, anti-bacterial, immune function.

African Journal of Immunology Research ISSN 9431-5833 Vol. 7 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Efficiency of different levels of Satureja hortensis L. (Savory) in comparison with an antibiotic growth promoter

Gholamreza Ghalamkari¹*, Majid Toghyani¹, Ehsan Tavalaeian¹, Nasir Landy³, Zahra Ghalamkari⁴ and Hadi Radnezhad²

¹Department of Animal Science, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

²Department of Environmental Science, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

³Young Researchers Club, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

⁴Science Faculty, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran.

Accepted 22 October, 2019

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the effects of different levels of Satureja hortensis L. (Savory) in comparison with an antibiotic growth promoter (flavophospholipol) on performance, carcass characteristics, immune responses and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chicks. In this study, 240 one-day-old mixed sex broiler chicks (Ross 308) were weighed and randomly allocated to the 4 treatment groups, each with 4 replicates and with 15 broilers in each replicate. The dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet (control), antibiotic group receiving 4.5 mg/kg flavophospholipol, and 5 and 10 g/kg savory powder added to the basal diet. Performance parameters were measured in the growth periods. At day 42, two birds per replicate were slaughtered for the determination of carcass traits. Antibody titers against newcastle, influenza viruses and sheep red blood cell (SRBC) were determined. At day 42, biochemical parameters such as albumin, protein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) of cholesterol were determined. The results show that supplementing 5 g/kg savory improved body weight of broilers at days 14, 28 and 42 but differences did not show statistical significance. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) index were not markedly affected by dietary treatments. Internal organ weights and carcass characteristics were not significantly influenced by the dietary treatments at day 42. The use of 5 g/kg savory powder led to the highest antibody titers against SRBC as compared to other groups (P<0.05). The serum biochemical parameters were not affected by dietary treatments. The results suggest that dietary inclusion of 5 g/kg savory can be applied as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics for broiler diets.

Key words: Broiler, growth performance, immunity, Satureja hortensis L., biochemical parameters.

African Journal of Immunology Research ISSN 9431-5833 Vol. 7 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full length research paper

A comparative study of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors on immune response with special reference to Cox-2 inhibitors

Farhan Ahmad Khan¹* and Hitesh Mishra²

Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, Moradabad-244001, India.

Accepted 17 September, 2019

Abstract

The object of this study is to observe the in vivo effect of cyclo- oxygenase-2 (Cox-2) inhibitors on the humoral response after immunization of rabbits with Salmonella typhi antigen. Albino rabbits of either sex were divided into five groups of six animals each and were administered aspirin (100 mg/kg, (BD), p.o), celecoxib (30 mg/kg O.D, p.o), indomethacin (12.5 mg/kg BD, p.o) and etoricoxib (17 mg/kg O.D, p.o) for seven days starting one day prior to immunization with S. typhi antigen (0.5 ml in each thighs), respectively. The antibody titres were measured weekly for a month using Widal agglutination test. The antibody titres in the first week were augmented in all the groups. The response was more marked in treated group as compared to control group. Later on antibody titre fell markedly in the treated groups. Selective Cox-2 inhibitors administration caused higher antibody suppression in comparison to non-selective Cox inhibitors treatment. These findings support that NSAIDs and the new Cox-2-selective drugs have an unsuspected target, the B cell, and attenuate antibody production.

Key words: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), cost, immunomodulators, antibody production.

African Journal of Immunology Research ISSN 9431-5833 Vol. 7 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessment of immune response and safety of two recombinant hepatitis B vaccines in healthy infants in India

Ashok, G.¹, Rajendran, P.¹*, Jayam, S.², Karthika, R.², Kanthesh, B. M.¹, Vikram, Reddy, E.¹, and Kulkarni, P. S³

¹Department of Microbiology, Dr ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai-600 113, India.

²Paediatric ward, Vijaya Health Centre, Chennai- 600 008, India.

³Serum Institute of India Ltd, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune-411028, India.

Accepted 11 October, 2019

Abstract

Hepatitis B infection and its sequel continue to be a worldwide health problem, especially in the developing countries. The pool of chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus is built up in childhood and is then maintained in older children and adults. Therefore, it is important to give protection during infancy. Effective vaccines to prevent hepatitis B infection are available. This study was undertaken to evaluate the immune response and reactogenicity of two recombinant hepatitis B vaccines available in Indian market, in normal healthy infants. Infants of 6-8 weeks of age were screened for eligibility criteria. All the eligible subjects had negative baseline serum HBsAg and anti-HBs. The subjects received three doses of 10 µg of Gene Vac-B or Engerix-B at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. GeneVac-B is an indigenously manufactured vaccine, while Engerix-B is an imported vaccine. The vaccinees were assessed for immune response and safety parameters. The anti-HBs antibody titer was obtained 1 month after 3^rd dose of vaccine and was considered seroconverted if more than 1 mIU/ml, and seroprotective if more than 10 mIU/ml. Total of 126 subjects were considered for analysis. One month after 3^rd dose, seroconversion was 100% for both the vaccines and seroprotection was 94.36% for Gene Vac-B, and 92.72% for Engerix B. The GMT of anti- HBs antibodies were 149.47 mIU/ml for Gene Vac- B and 153.28 mIU/ml for Engerix B. Four cases of incessant cry were observed during the study period. The indigenous vaccine, Gene Vac-B and the imported vaccine, Engerix-B showed high immunogenicity and safety profile in Indian infant population. Both vaccines were comparable.

Key words: Hepatitis-B vaccine, gene vac-B, infants, immunogenicity, reactogenicity.