ISSN 2756-326X
Research Article
Advances in Agriculture and Agricultural Sciences ISSN 2381-3911 Vol. 3 (9), pp. 001-011, September, 2017. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Assessment of major cassava diseases in Togo in relation to agronomic and environmental characteristics in a systems approach
Agnassim Banito1,2,4, Valerie Verdier3, Kossi Essotina Kpémoua1 and Kerstin Wydra2*
1Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA), Cacavéli, BP 1163, Lomé, Togo.
2 Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
3Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR CNRS 5096, Université de Perpignan, 52, Avenue de Villeneuve, 66680 Perpignan, France.
4Ecole Supérieure d’Agronomie (ESA), Université de Lomé, BP 1515, Lomé, Togo.
Accepted 04 February, 2017
Abstract
A cassava disease survey was conducted in four agroecological zones of Togo. High incidences of cassava bacterial blight, cassava mosaic disease and cercosporioses were observed across ecozones, while anthracnose disease was rare. Bacterial blight field incidences of 90.5% in the dry savanna zone, 70% in the forest savanna transition zone, 64% in the wet savanna zone and 52.6% in the forest zone, were recorded, with plant incidences ranging from 27.4% in the forest zone to 72.7% in the dry savanna zone. Mosaic disease field incidences were nearly 100% in all the ecozones and high plant incidences up to 86.9% were found. Cercospora leaf diseases – brown leaf spot, blight leaf spot and white leaf spot-occurred in all the ecozones with incidences ranging from 68 to 100%. Negative correlations between bacterial blight and mosaic disease, and between mosaic disease and white leaf spot were found, while brown leaf spot and blight leaf spot, brown leaf spot and white leaf spot, and blight leaf spot and white leaf spot were positively correlated. Field incidence of bacterial blight was positively correlated with plant age, ecozones - higher severity in dryer ecozones (P < 0.01), and weed density (P < 0.05). Further significant, but negative correlations occurred between bacterial blight and cercospora brown leaf spot on the other hand and vegetation type in the surroundings field (number of trees) (P < 0.05). Cercospora brown leaf spot was also significantly negatively associated with the number of crops in a field (intercropping) (P < 0.05), and Cercospora white leaf spot with sandy soils (P < 0.01). Results indicate that agroecological factors such as ecozone, plant age, weed density, vegetation type, intercropping and soil type and moisture influence disease occurrence and should be considered when developing integrated control measures.
Key words: Blight leaf spot, brown leaf spot, cassava bacterial blight, cassava mosaic disease, white leaf spot, Cercospora henningsii, Cercospora caribaea, Cercospora vicosae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis, Manihot esculenta, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis.
Valerie Verdier, Kossi Essotina Kpémoua and Kerstin Wydra*, Agnassim Banito
Page: 1 - 11
https://doi.org/10.46882/AAAS/1043Research Article
Advances in Agriculture and Agricultural Sciences ISSN 2381-3911 Vol. 3 (8), pp. 001-006, August, 2017. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Leaf blight of Azadirachta indica and its management in vitro
A. Bhanumathi and V. Ravishankar Rai*
Department of Studies in Applied Botany and Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore – 570 006. Karnataka, India.
Accepted 12 February, 2017
Abstract
Leaf blight, a moderate to severe foliar disease of Azadirachta indica was caused by Colletotrichum dematium and Fusarium solani. Previously F. solani was reported on A. indica but the presence of C. dematium is a new document. F. solani was highly virulent against seedlings of A. indica compared to C. dematium in seeds subjected to top of the paper method. In vitro management of these pathogens using Poison Food Technique suggested that of the seven fungicides tested at 50, 100 and 150 ppm concentrations, 100% growth inhibition was recorded in all the three concentrations of ContafPlus and Tilt against C. dematium whereas in F. solani all the three concentrations of Bavistin inhibited the growth of mycelial colony in the range of 88.54 - 86.32%. However, in both C. dematium and F. solani 50 ppm Blitox showed least inhibition.
Key words: Azadirachta indica, Colletotrichum dematium, Fusarium solani, Poison Food Technique.
V. Ravishankar Rai*, A. Bhanumathi
Page: 1 - 6
https://doi.org/10.46882/AAAS/1041Research Article
Advances in Agriculture and Agricultural Sciences ISSN 2381-3911 Vol. 3 (8), pp. 001-006, August, 2017. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) weed infestation, yield and yield components as influenced by sowing method and seed rate in a Sudan Savanna agro-ecology of Nigeria
E. O. Imoloame, N. A. Gworgwor and S. D. Joshua*
Department of Crop Production, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
Accepted 03 April, 2017
Abstract
An experiment on the influence of seed rate and sowing method on sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) weed infestation, yield and yield components was conducted at Maiduguri, Nigeria, during the 2001 and 2002 rainy seasons. A split-plot design was used such that method of planting was allocated to main plots and seed rate was assigned to sub-plots and replicated three times. The site was harrowed, leveled properly using a hand hoe and then marked out. The size of each sub-plot measured 6 x 8 m leaving a distance of 1 m between replications and 0.5 m between sub-plots. Seeds variety Gwoza Local were planted as broadcast and drill at the rate of 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 Kg/ha respectively. Fertilizer Urea (46% N ) and Single Superphosphate ( 18% P 2O5 ) were used to supply 75 Kg N/ha and 50 Kg P/ha first at planting and the second dose at 6 weeks after sowing ( WAS ). Weeding was carried out using a hand hoe. Data taken included soil analysis of the experimental site, plant height, number of flowers per plant, weed cover score, weed dry matter, number of pods per plant and grain yield respectively. Results showed that broadcasting method of sowing produced taller plants in 2002 and greater number of flowers and pods per plant in both years and the average of two years data significantly higher weed cover and weed dry matter in 2001 and 2002 and their combined data compared with drilling method. Plant height, number of flowers and pods per plant decreased with increase in seed rate with 15 kg/ha producing significantly lowest of these characters in 2001 and the average of two years data. The amount of weed dry matter and weed cover decreased with increase in seed rate up to 12 Kg/ha with 15 Kg/ha producing the highest in 2001, 2002 and the average of two years data. Similarly, seed rate of 6 Kg/ha produced the highest seed yield compared with higher seed rates in the two years and only in the data on the average of the two years that differences in yield were significant. From this study, best weed suppression and highest yield was obtained from drilling method at seed rate of 6 Kg/ha.
Key words: Sesame production, sowing methods, seed rates, weed control, seed yield.
N. A. Gworgwor and S. D. Joshua*, E. O. Imoloame
Page: 1 - 6
https://doi.org/10.46882/AAAS/1040Research Article
Advances in Agriculture and Agricultural Sciences ISSN 2381-3911 Vol. 3 (7), pp. 001-009, July, 2017. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effect of supplements based on fishmeal or cottonseed cake and management system on the performance and economic efficiency of exotic hens in Burkina Faso
S. Pousga1, H. Boly2, J.E. Lindberg3 and B. Ogle3*
1Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, P.O. Box 7047 Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso.
2Universite de Ouagadougou, Laboratoire de physiologie Animale, UFR/SVT, BP 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso.
3Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, P.O. Box 7024, S-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
Accepted 11 March, 2017
Abstract
A trial was carried out on-station to evaluate the effect of replacing a low protein fishmeal diet by a high protein diet containing cottonseed cake and cereal bran on the performance of semi-scavenging and confined exotic layers in comparison with full-scavenging birds. One hundred and twenty laying hens at 28 weeks of age were randomly distributed to four feeding/management regimes; (1) CCB, confined and given ad libitum a mixed diet (CB) containing cracked maize, cottonseed cake, cereal bran and a vitamin-mineral premix, oyster shells being provided separately; (2) SCB, scavenging in the daytime (08.00 to 16.00 h), with the CB diet available between 16.00 and 08.00 h; (3) SFM, managed as in SCB, but with fishmeal replacing cottonseed cake and cereal bran (diet FM); (4) SO, scavenging only with no supplement provided. Daily dry matter intakes for CCB, SCB and SFM were 95.5%, 60.5% and 48.5% of the expected intakes, respectively (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in energy, calcium and phosphorus intakes between SFM and SCB, but crude protein and essential amino acid intakes were lower in SFM than in SCB (P < 0.05). Hen -day and hen-housed production were the highest in CCB and the lowest in SO (P < 0.05), while no significant differences were found between the two semi-scavenging treatments. Feed conversion ratio and feed cost / kg eggs were the lowest in CCB and the highest in SFM (P < 0.05). Egg weight and shell thickness were higher in SCB compared to SFM. Yolk colour was darkest in SO and palest in CCB. It is concluded that fishmeal can be replaced advantageously by cottonseed cake and a mixture of wheat and maize bran in diets for confined and semi-scavenging exotic layers.
Key words: Burkina Faso, egg production, exotic hens, fishmeal, cottonseed cake, semi-scavenging.
S. Pousga, J.E. Lindberg and B. Ogle*, H. Boly
Page: 1 - 9
https://doi.org/10.46882/AAAS/1039Review
Advances in Agriculture and Agricultural Sciences ISSN 2381-3911 Vol. 3 (7), pp. 001-008, July, 2017. © International Scholars Journals
Review
Potential for value- addition of Nguni cattle products in the communal areas of South Africa: A review
Cletos Mapiye1*, Michael Chimonyo1, Voster Muchenje1, Kennedy Dzama2, Munyaradzi C. Marufu1 and Jan. G. Raats1
1Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
2Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P. Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
Accepted 08 March, 2017
Abstract
This review focuses on challenges and possible interventions to improve the value of Nguni cattle products in the communal areas of South Africa. There is a general lack of adapted genetic material suited to the needs of the resource-poor cattle producers in South Africa. Nguni cattle are well suited to the management levels of communal farmers who require disease resistant multipurpose animals with low-maintenance feed requirements and relatively high-output. Developmental efforts to reintroduce the Nguni breed initiated in most rural areas of South Africa, especially in the Eastern Cape are reviewed. The possibility of selecting Nguni cattle for specific production traits and develop them into single-purpose herds is evaluated. It is recommended that development and research programmes aimed at reintroducing the Nguni breed in the rural areas should take a holistic and participatory approach in improving the value of Nguni cattle products.
Key words: Draught power, hides, meat, milk, Nguni cattle, value-addition.
Voster Muchenje, Cletos Mapiye*, Kennedy Dzama, Michael Chimonyo, Munyaradzi C. Marufu and Jan. G. Raats
Page: 1 - 8
https://doi.org/10.46882/AAAS/1038Research Article
Advances in Agriculture and Agricultural Sciences ISSN 2381-3911 Vol. 3 (6), pp. 001-039, June, 2017. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The floristic composition of some historical botanical gardens in the metropolitan of Cairo, Egypt
Hamdy, R. S.1, Abd El-Ghani, M. M.1*, Youssef, T. L.2 and El-Sayed, M.3
1The Herbarium, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
2 The Orman Botanic Garden, Giza, Egypt.
3Botany Department, Faculty of Science, El Azhar University Cairo, Egypt
Accepted 03 January, 2017
Abstract
In this article, we studied the historical background of six major historical botanic gardens that were established by the Khedive Ismail (1863 - 1879) in the second half of 19th century in Cairo city, and report their floristic composition. These gardens were Zohriya, Aquarium, Ezbekiya, The Zoo, Orman and Horreya. In addition, the present status of these six gardens was addressed in particular, area, land use, landscape architecture and the taxonomic diversity of the plants growing in each garden. The distribution patterns of the recorded species were also presented using the multivariate analysis techniques (classification and ordination). An updated annotated list of cultivated species in these gardens will be provided.
Key words: Cultivated plants, urban flora, botanical and historical gardens, national parks, Egypt.
Hamdy R. S, Abd El-Ghani M. M*, T. L and El-Sayed M, Youssef
Page: 1 - 39
https://doi.org/10.46882/AAAS/1037