African Journal of Environmental and Waste Management

African Journal of Environmental and Waste Management ISSN 2375-1266 Vol. 6 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Cytogenotoxicity evaluation of two industrial effluents using Allium cepa assay

Olusegun B. Samuel¹*, Fidelia I. Osuala² and Peter G. C. Odeigah³

¹Aquatic Toxicology and Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka- Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.

²Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka- Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.

³Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka- Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.

Accepted 09 February, 2019

Abstract

The cytogenotoxic effects of the industrial effluents from paint (0, 7.2, 18, 36 and 72%) and textile (0, 1.6, 4, 8 and 16%) manufacturing were evaluated using root tip cells of Allium cepa. In this study, root length and chromosomal aberration assays were used to determine the 96 h effective concentration (96 h EC₅₀), root growth inhibition, mitotic index and chromosome aberration rate. Based on the 96 h EC₅₀, textile effluent was 4.5 times more toxic than the paint effluent. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that there was significant difference (P < 0.05) in the mean root length of A. cepa exposed to different concentrations of the industrial effluents. This indicated that the root growth inhibition was concentration dependent. The mitotic index (MI) decreased with increasing concentrations of paint and textile industrial effluents. The two industrial effluents induced chromosomal aberrations in root tip cells of A. cepa with vagrant chromosome, bridges and fragments and sticky chromosomes being most frequently observed. At lower concentrations bridges and fragments were the most common aberration. The suitability of A. cepa chromosomal assay as a tool for monitoring the genotoxic effects of industrial effluents and wastewater is discussed.

Key words: Genotoxicity, paint, textile, industrial effluents, Allium cepa, mutation, pollution, chromosomal aberration.

African Journal of Environmental and Waste Management ISSN 2375-1266 Vol. 6 (4), pp. 001-005, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Subsurface probe and hydrochemical analysis for the purpose of siting waste landfill

O. M. Alile¹*, S. I. Jegede² and R. E. Emekeme³

¹Department of Physics, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

²Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.

³Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.

Accepted 15 January, 2019

Abstract

This paper deals with the probing of the subsurface by electrical resistivity method and hydrochemical analysis for the purpose of siting waste landfill. The landfill design made provision for secured containment of the segregated waste and associated leachate from man and industrial activities. The waste types that are disposed of in the landfill are mainly domestic and non-hazardous industrial wastes. The hydrochemical analysis of the surface/groundwater and geophysical exploration were carried out at Egbeleku landfill dump site in Delta state. Two vertical electrical sounding (VES) locations around the waste landfill were carried out. Both VES have a total Cumulative thickness of 94.10 and 71.90 m with resistivities of 263.00 and 274.00 ohm-m, respectively. The hydrochemical analysis of the groundwater samples collected at boreholes within the waste landfill site environ was analyzed for physio - chemical parameters to test for water quality. In this study, the geophysical investigation revealed the presence of aquifer layer and the tendency of groundwater pollution but appropriate installation of a well-designed basal lining system to monitor groundwater quality through well-placed monitoring boreholes are determined.

Key words: Dc, resistivity, interpretation, hydrochemical, waste landfill.

African Journal of Environmental and Waste Management ISSN 2375-1266 Vol. 6 (4), pp. 001-016, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Integrated study for automobile wastes management and environmentally friendly mechanic villages in Imo River basin Nigeria

Michael A. Nwachukwu¹*, Huan Feng¹ and Kennedy Achilike²

¹Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, New Jersey, U.S.A.

²Department of Physics, Abia State University Uturu, Nigeria

Accepted 10 January, 2019

Abstract

Despite the overwhelming advantages of mechanic villages, their heavy metal pollution of soil due to poor waste management is causing serious ecological and public health concerns. Analytical results show that heavy metal concentrations (mgkg^-1) above background levels in the upper 100 cm soil profiles of the Okigwe, the Orji and the Nekede mechanic villages in the Imo River basin, collectively range from 748 - 70,606 (± 23021) for Fe; 99-1090 (± 176.8) for Pb; 186 - 600 (± 49.7) for Mn; 102 – 1001 (± for Cu; 8 - 23 (± 6.3) for Cd; 4 - 27 (± 4.2) for Cr; and 3 - 10 (±2.2) for Ni. The most abundant metals of environmental concerns are Pb, Mn and Cu, in the order of Pb > Mn > Cu. For proper waste management and environmentally friendly mechanic villages, mechanic villages should have emission testing facilities, concrete floor workshops, toilet facilities, tarred roads and drainage channelled to one or more three-phase storm water treatment facilities. We recommend infiltration method in the sandy areas, and detention method in the shale areas. A combination of the two methods can be used in the transition zones of the basin. The infiltration method is not applicable at Okigwe due to the high clay/silt content (47 - 64%) and presence of an underlying clay bed, despite the initially high infiltration rate (38.1 cm/h). Weathered layer (0 - 7.4 m) across Orji and Nekede, and (0 - 4 m) at Okigwe is the most implicated in the soil pollution process. We further recommend: extended producer responsibility (EPR) for used motor oil, the use of local phyto - remediation plants sensitive to Pb, Mn and Cu, installation of groundwater monitoring wells, comprehensive waste management plan, standard guidelines for establishment of mechanic villages, code of practice, and continuous education for the mechanics.

Key words: Soil contamination, storm water treatment, emission testing, EPR, heavy metals.

African Journal of Environmental and Waste Management ISSN 2375-1266 Vol. 6 (4), pp. 001-015, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Factors affecting medical waste management in low-level health facilities in Tanzania

S. V. Manyele* and T. J. Lyasenga

Department of Chemical and Process Engineering College of Engineering and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam,Tanzania.

Accepted 14 March, 2019

Abstract

A study on evaluation of medical waste management systems was conducted in the low-level health facilities (LLHFs) in Dar es Salaam by comparing Ilala and Kinondoni municipalities. Questionnaires, interviews, visits and observation were used in data collection. The study has revealed that; most of the facilities have no specific disposal sites. In Ilala, 70% of the health facilities burn wastes in poorly designed incinerators, open pit burning or on the ground while in Kinondoni, 83% of the facilities bury wastes in the pits. More than 50% of the disposal sites surveyed are not fenced and were in close proximity to human settlements. About 60 and 70% of incinerators in the surveyed facilities in Ilala and Kinondoni municipalities, respectively, are not in good working conditions, 50% of them being of low capacity with some parts missing, e.g., chimneys, ash pits, covers for waste loading and ash removing doors. Also, 9 and 47% of the healthcare facilities in Ilala and Kinondoni, respectively, do not have the Standard Operating Procedures. Medical waste transportation is a serious problem, as 71% of the facilities in Kinondoni carry the wastes on hands to the disposal sites while in Ilala, 40% of LLHFs use wheelbarrows. Waste segregation and colour coding are poorly adhered to while most of the storage areas are too small. It was concluded that, the medical waste management in LLHFs is still poor. Awareness should be raised among LLHFs workers on proper management of the medical wastes.

Key words: Medical waste management, low-level health facility, waste generation, waste segregation, incineration, waste disposal.

African Journal of Environmental and Waste Management ISSN 2375-1266 Vol. 6 (4), pp. 001-006, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Removal of copper (II), iron (III) and lead (II) ions from Mono-component Simulated Waste Effluent by Adsorption on Coconut Husk

Oyedeji O. Abdulrasaq* and Osinfade G. Basiru

Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Accepted 08 January 2019

Abstract

The use of coconut husk as a low-cost natural adsorbent for the removal of Cu (II), Fe (III) and Pb (II) from simulated industrial waste effluent was studied. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effects of varying adsorbent loadings, pH, contact time, metal ion concentration and temperature of adsorption. The adsorption of Pb (II) was found to be maximum (94%±3.2) at pH 5, temperature of 100°C, metal ion concentration of 30 ppm and contact time of 30 min. The adsorption of Cu (II) and Fe (III) were maxima (92%±2.8 and 94%±1.4) at pH range of 5 - 7, metal ion concentration of 50 ppm, temperature of 50°C but at different times of 30 and 90 min respectively. 1 g of the adsorbent material was found to be optimal for all the metal ions; the Freundlich isotherm was found to be suitable for the adsorption of Cu(II) and Fe(III) while the Langmuir isotherm was found to be suitable for the adsorption of Pb(II). The adsorption kinetics was also studied.

Key words: Metal ions, adsorption, simulated effluent, coconut husk.

African Journal of Environmental and Waste Management ISSN 2375-1266 Vol. 6 (4), pp. 001-008, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Nile perch fish processing waste along Lake Victoria in East Africa: Auditing and characterization

Robert Gumisiriza^1,2*, Anthony Manoni Mshandete¹, Mugassa Steven Thomas Rubindamayugi¹, Frank Kansiime³ and Amelia Kajumulo Kivaisi¹

¹Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam. P. O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam,Tanzania.

²Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda.

³Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda.

Accepted 20 January, 2019

Abstract

Worldwide, fish industry wastes are an important contaminant having an impact on the environment. The recovery of value added products from these residues constitutes an important waste reduction strategy for the industry. In East Africa, Nile perch fish processing into chilled fish fillet for export along Lake Victoria generate large proportions of both solid and liquid wastes. However, no thorough auditing and characterization of the waste has been done that would guide potential value addition through bioconversions and waste management. Auditing by surveying and mapping the fish processing industries was conducted along the lake. Waste quantification was done using specific guidelines for assessment of fish wastes. Analysis of the waste was carried out using standard methods. Annual solid waste and wastewater generation was estimated at 36,000 tonnes and 1,838,000 m³, respectively. The wastewater generated was high strength with a total chemical oxygen demand of 12,400 mg/l and solid content of 5,580 mg/l. The wastewater contained 6,160 mg/l of lipids and 2,000 mg/l of protein. The Nutrient content was 20 mg/l of total phosphorous, 340 mg/l organic nitrogen and 61 mg/l of ammonia nitrogen. The current fish waste management systems in place were found to be neither efficient nor profitable, thus profitable options of fish waste utilization and waste reduction strategies are imperative. Modern and economically viable options of fish waste value addition, decision scheme and waste reduction strategies have been highlighted in this paper. In conclusion, large amounts of fish waste generated are a rich source of lipids and proteins, which could be utilized for production of value added products through bioconversions.

Key words: Nile perch, fish waste, auditing, characterization, value addition, utilization.