African Journal of Medicine and Surgery

African Journal of Medicine and Surgery ISSN 3156-8734 Vol. 5 (3), pp. 001-005, March, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Urinary tract pathology in some Schistosoma haematobium infected Nigerians

Nmorsi OPG¹, Ukwandu NCD², Ogoinja S³, Blackie HOT¹ and Odike MAC²

¹Tropical Diseases Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma Nigeria.

²Department of Pathological Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma Nigeria.

³Department of Radiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.

Accepted 27 November, 2017

Abstract

The parasitological investigation assessing the ova of Schistosoma haematobium in urine of 138 volunteers in Ihieve- Ogben, Edo State, Nigeria revealed a prevalence of 43 (31.2%) . Children had a higher prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis 30 (41.1%) than their adult counterparts 13 (20.0%). More volunteers had light intensity of infection 27 (19.6%) than heavy infection 16 (11.6%). The ultrasonographical investigation carried out on these 43 S. haematobium-infected volunteers revealed ten pathological conditions as abnormal wall thickness 24 (55.8%), abnormal shape 30 (69.8%), irregular bladder wall 12 (27.9%), masses 10 (23.3%), pseudopolyp 2 (4.7%), echogenic particles 30 (69.8%), residual volume 12 (27.9%), calcification 24 (55.8%), hydroureter 10 (23.3%) and hydronephrosis 8 (18.6%). These pathological conditions were higher in the volunteers with heavy intensity of infection than those with light infection. Also more pathological conditions were reported among the children than their adult counterparts. Hydronephrosis and hydroureter were absent in the volunteers with light intensity of infection.

Key words: Urinary tract pathology, Schistosoma haematobium, rural volunteers, Nigerian, Ultrasound, Light infection, heavy infection.

African Journal of Medicine and Surgery ISSN 3156-8734 Vol. 5 (2), pp. 001-004, February, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of TRICHODERMA-treated cassava waste in the diets of West African dwarf goat on blood, reproductive and urinary parameters

Belewu, M. A.*, Belewu, K. Y. and Bello, I. O.

Ruminant Nutrition and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory Department of Animal Production, University of llorin, Nigeria.

Accepted 23 May, 2017

Abstract

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of TRICHODERMA-treated cassava waste on the haemotology, reproductive and urinary parameters of West African dwarf (WAD) does. Twenty mature WAD does were allotted randomly to one four treatments using a completely randomized design arrangement. Does were individually fed the experimental diets containing 0, 20, 30 and 40% fungus treated cassava waste based diets (A, B, C and D, respectively) during the 56 days experiment. The blood parameters (PCV, Hb, RBC and WBC) of animals fed the tested diet compared with those fed the control diet are similar (p>0.05). Likewise, the pH, urea concentration of the urine were comparable (P>0.05) in does fed the experimental and control diets while the urobilinogen was normal across the diets. Fertility, fecundity and prolificacy rates showed better reproductive performance with diet D compared to that of diets A, B and C. These data indicate that addition of TRICHODERMA-treated cassava waste in the diet of goats had no detrimental effect on the haematological, urinary and reproductive performances of lactating WAD does.

Key words: Trichoderma, cassava waste, goats, haematological, urinary and reproductive parameters.

African Journal of Medicine and Surgery ISSN 3156-8734 Vol. 5 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Susceptibility of common urinary isolates to the commonly used antibiotics in a tertiary hospital in southern Nigeria

Raphael M. Mordi¹ and Patrick O. Erah²*

¹Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria.

²Phamacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.

Accepted 18 January, 2017

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance in the treatment of urinary tract infections is a major health problem. This study evaluates the pattern of susceptibility of pathogens commonly responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs) to commonly used antimicrobial agents in Benin City. Midstream urine samples of 700 patients (300 males and 400 females), who were attending clinics in a 550-bed University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, between April 2003 to March 2004 were examined. Susceptibility of the urine bacteria isolates to twelve commonly used antibiotics was investigated. Eight bacteria isolates were recovered from 49.5% of the patients (18.1% of males and 31.4% of females). These were Escherichia coli (19.7%), Klebsiella aerogenes (15.1%), Proteus mirabilis (6.7%), Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (2.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.3%), Streptococcus faecalis (1.3%), Providence stuartii (1%), and Alkaligenes faecalis (1%). All the isolates exhibited a significantly high resistance to tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, amoxycillin and cefuroxime but were either moderately or highly sensitive to the quinolones and nitrofurantoin. We conclude that majority of the antimicrobial agents that are commonly used to treat UTIs in the hospitals are no longer effective. Therefore, the development and strict management of antimicrobial policy, and surveillance for resistant organisms should be given priority in Nigeria.

Key words: Urinary tract infections, antimicrobial agents, bacterial isolates.

African Journal of Medicine and Surgery ISSN 3156-8734 Vol. 5 (1), pp. 001-003, January, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

Antimicrobial susceptibility of some urinary tract clinical isolates to commonly used antibiotics

Inabo, H. I.* and Obanibi, H. B. T.

Department of Applied Science, C.S.T., Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, Nigeria.

Accepted 11 October, 2017

Abstract

The antimicrobial susceptibility of urinary tract isolates from pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in various hospitals within Kaduna, Nigeria, was carried out using the disc diffusion method. The patterns of inhibition varied with the concentration of the antibiotic used. Escherichia coli was the most sensitive to ciprofloxacillin (33 mm/5 µg ml^-1) and pefloxacin (15 mm/10 µg ml^-1). It was resistant to minocycline, nalidixic acid, cefuroxine and cotrimoxazole. Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were moderately sensitive to ciprofloxacillin (14, 15 and 18 mm/5 µg ml^-1) respectively. All the organisms were resistant to minocycline and cefuroxine. Ciprofloxacillin appeared to be the drug of choice for the treatment of urinary tract infection.

Keywords: Urinary tract infection, clinical isolates, antibiotics.

African Journal of Medicine and Surgery ISSN 3156-8734 Vol. 5 (1), pp. 001-004, January, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparison of three diagnostic methods for the determination of prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among residents and pupils of Badagry Area of Lagos State, Nigeria

IBIDAPO, C.A.¹*, MAFE, M.A.² and AWOBIMPE, O.L.³

¹Department of Zoology, Lagos State University P.M.B. 1087. Apapa. Lagos.

²Department of Public Health, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research. Yaba, Lagos.

³Department of Zoology, Lagos State University P.M.B. 1087. Apapa. Lagos.

Accepted 09 September, 2017

Abstract

Studies on the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was carried out in Badagry area of Lagos State, South West Nigeria with a population of about 30,000. The study was conducted in the rainy season between May – September 2004. The detection of some schistosome snail vectors coupled with regular habit of swimming by children, and household washings by adults in local ponds and streams necessitated the investigation for schistosomiasis. Two hundred urine samples were obtained from out-patients who came to the General Hospital, Badagry, for medical check. The urine samples were examined by the visual method for haematuria, diagnostic chemical reagent strip and filtration technique. Structured questionnaires based on knowledge, attitude and practises (KAP), was used to elicit information from 200 pupils in two selected primary schools in the area. Macrohaematuria was observed in 25 (12.5%) of the urine samples, while diagnostic chemical reagent strip detected 13 (6.5%) positive cases. Filtration did not reveal the presence of eggs in any of the urine samples observed. Response obtained from the administration of questions revealed that only 8 (4.0%) knew about schistosomiasis while 192 (96.0%) did not have any idea about the disease. 96 (48.0%) did swim in rivers, 128 (64.0%) fetched water from rivers, 40 (20.0%) had itching sensation after swimming and 25 (12.5%) experienced blood in urine. Males with haematuria recorded a higher prevalence of infection (14.1%) than females (11.3%) but the difference was not statistically significant (P<0.05).

Key words: Epidemiology, urinary schistosomiasis, badagry, Nigeria.

African Journal of Medicine and Surgery ISSN 3156-8734 Vol. 4 (3), pp. 106-117, March, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full  Length Research Paper

Factors influencing outcome of sigmoid volvulus in Northern Uganda: A prospective observational study

Richard Wismayer 

Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.

Email: [email protected]

Accepted 15 March, 2017

Abstract

Sigmoid volvulus (SV) is one of the commonest causes of intestinal obstruction in Uganda. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors influencing the outcome of SV in Northern Uganda. A prospective observational study was conducted on 103 sigmoid volvulus patients admitted between January 2012 to December 2012 and surgically managed in 19 hospitals in Northern Uganda and followed up postoperatively for 30 days. Surgical management was by resection and primary anastomosis or Hartmann’s procedure or double barrel colostomy. Patients between 13 years and above with sigmoid volvulus and who had consented/Assented were included in the study and followed up to the 30^th postoperative day. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of Gulu University and Uganda National Council for Science and Technology. Data analysis was carried out using STATA/IC version 12.1. The outcome events were uneventful recovery, morbidity and mortality. Eighteen (17.48%) patients developed complications including wound sepsis 10 (9.7%); wound dehiscence 8(7.7%) and  anastomotic leak 8 (7.7%). There were 8 deaths, giving a mortality rate of 7.7%.  The factors associated with a high risk of adverse outcome were hypernatraemia (RR=14.9; 95% CI: 1.46-152.9) and ileo-sigmoid knotting (RR = 4.94; 95% CI: 1.30-18.78). Resection and primary anastomosis had a better outcome compared to Hartmann’s procedure (RR=0.15; 95% CI: 0.02-0.099). The risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality were preoperative hypernatraemia and ileo-sigmoid knotting. Colostomy was associated with a higher risk of morbidity and mortality than resection and primary anastomosis.

Keywords: Sigmoid volvulus, outcome.