African Journal of Medicine and Surgery

African Journal of Medicine and Surgery ISSN 3156-8734 Vol. 3 (4), pp. 074-078, April, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Statistics of Haemophilus influenza in nasopharyngeal aspirates of pre-nursery children

Atiku E. Aisha¹, Ogbonnaya D. Nkiru²*, Bozieghen Esther³ and G. C. Umueze³

¹Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

²Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

³Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 11 March, 2016

Abstract

This study involved the investigation of carriage rates of Haemophilus influenzae in nasopharyngeal aspirates of pre-school children in Enugu State, Nigeria. Throat and nasal swabs were obtained from 158 children who were aged 6 months to 6 years. The children comprised those in nursery schools (A), those in their homes (B), and those who attended day-care centers (C). H. influenzae was identified after isolation in culture by satelitism and biochemical tests. Of the samples studied, the organism was isolated in 50 giving an average carriage rate of 31.7%. Descriptive statistics was used for general description of study participants and to evaluate the distribution. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 15.0 software. Mean carriage rate of 30.60% was obtained from children in nursery schools, 41.08% from those at home and 22.64% from those attending day care centers. The highest carriage rate was obtained from children who were in their homes and had never attended nursery schools or day-care centers. In each of the 3 groups of children with the exception of those at home, children aged 1 year had the highest isolation rate. It can be concluded from this work that the carriage rate of H. influenzae is significant in pre-school children in Enugu State, Nigeria.

Key words: Haemophilus influenzae, carriage rate, nasopharyngeal aspirates

African Journal of Medicine and Surgery ISSN 3156-8734 Vol. 3 (3), pp. 069-073, March, 2016.  © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Use of MRI to monitor the location of gadolinium injections in normal humans

Justin Dion Lavigne¹*, Rachel Candy², Michael Michael³ and Norma Oscar⁴

¹Automatic Subdermal Injection System, Inc, Westminster, California, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery,

²Innovative Drug Injection Technology Inc., Newport Beach, California, Department of Anesthesiology, ³Magnolia Medical Imaging Centers, Westminster/Laguna Hills/Orange, California, Department of Radiology,

⁴University of California, Los Angeles, California, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 7 February, 2016

Abstract

Our previous study which monitored human muscular contractions with an accelerometer found out that the human muscles ran away from the electrical stimuli of an electromagnetic (EMG) needle. Thus, where the needle tip must likely end up every time is just outside of the fascia, or right in the subdermal bloodless space. The current study further explored the above hypothesis by using MRI to monitor the location of gadolinium injections. Using the initial prototype of the ASIS (Automatic Subdermal Injection System) device, gadolinium was successfully injected into the subdermal bloodless space in three out of three normal subjects’ glabellas. This innovation may have a major impact on the healthcare industry because bloodless injections imply longer-lasting medication, which will benefit most, if not all, injectable products.

Key words: Subdermal bloodless space, subdermal injection, injectable EMG needle, electrical stimulation, MRI with gadolinium, muscular contractions.

African Journal of Medicine and Surgery ISSN 3156-8734 Vol. 3 (2), pp. 064-068, February, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Levels of nitric oxide in gastric juice of smokers and non-smokers with active peptic ulcer

Mostafa Salami¹, Anousheh P. Omidyar², Pierre Fattah¹*, Kamran Ansari³, Hossein Daneshjoo ⁴ and Mohammad Shah⁵

¹Department of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tehran Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.

²Department of Liver & Gastrointestinal & Diseases, Liver & Gastrointestinal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, East-Azerbaijan, Iran.

³Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

⁴Department of Biology, East Azarbaijan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, East-Azerbaijan, Iran. ⁵Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, East-Azerbaijan, Iran.

E-mail: [email protected]  

Accepted 21 January, 2016

Abstract

Epidemiologic studies have shown that smoking is a major factor in development of malignancies in various human tissues. Smoke from every cigarette contains more than 600 µg nitric oxide radical (NO°) in gas phase. As a result of oxidation of nitrogen in gradients of tobacco and likely atmospheric nitrogen, more than 100 µg NO° is released in cigarette smoke which goes over human palate directly and without any filtering. In this research, we studied levels of nitric oxide in gastric juice of smokers and non-smokers afflicted with active peptic ulcer. Among persons referred to gastroenterology clinic, 43 smoker patients (14 men and 29 women) with average age of 45/30±13/16 who were afflicted with active peptic ulcer were determined as the case group, 43 non-smokers (13 men and 30 women) without peptide ulcer with average age of 42/67±16/04 were determined as the first control group, 43 smokers (16 men and 27 women) without peptic ulcer, with an average age of 44/58±12/07, were determined as the second control group and 43 non-smokers (23 men and 40 women) with peptic ulcer, with an average age of 45/37±13/39, were determined as the third control group. Levels of nitric oxide in gastric juice in the four groups were assessed by means of Griess colorimetric method. Compared to control groups 1 and 3, levels of nitric oxide in the case group showed a meaningful increase (in both groups, P˂0/0001) while nitric oxide levels in gastric juice of the case group and control group 2 (smokers without active peptic ulcer) did not have any meaningful difference (p=0/656). The results of this study ascertain that damage to the gastric tissue is in direct relationship with toxic elements in cigarette smoke especially NO° radical. It is very likely that peroxynitrite radical (ONOO^-), which resulted from rapid reaction between NO° and O₂°, is responsible for these injuries. ONOO ^- is a powerful oxidant and nitrating element that can promote reactions of HO°, nitrosoniume (NO₂°) and nitrogen dioxide.

Key words: Active peptic ulcer, cigarette smoking, nitric oxide, nitrosative stress.

African Journal of Medicine and Surgery ISSN 3156-8734 Vol. 3 (1), pp. 060-063, January, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence of Mesiobuccal canal number two (MB2) in the extracted permanent maxillary first molars of a Sulaimani population

Dunya al-Bazzaz Gabai

Conservative Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaymania, Iraq.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 8 December, 2015

Abstract

Knowledge of canal anatomy is essential. Failure to find a canal influences the prognosis of endodontic treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of Mesiobuccal canal number two (MB² canal) in the extracted permanent maxillary first molars of a Sulaimani population. An ex vivo study on 180 extracted permanent maxillary first molars was conducted and the floor of the pulp was clearly exposed. The canal orifice was examined clinically by the aid of a chelating agent and magnifying lens. Patency of each canal was established by a no.10 k-type file. The results showed that 23.3% of the examined teeth had two canals in the mesial root (17.0% with one apical foramen and 6.3% with two separate foramens). The occurrence of MB² canals of the permanent maxillary first molar of a Sulaimani population were within the normal range.

Key words: Prevalence, MB² canal, maxillary first molar, Sulaimani population.

African Journal of Medicine and Surgery ISSN 3156-8734 Vol. 2 (5), pp. 055-059, December, 2015. © International Scholars Journals 

Full Length Research Paper

Nurses’ hospital routines on client’s sleeping pattern among hospitalized patients in Ibadan, Nigeria

Ojanero G. Florence* and Johnson A. A Grace

Department of Nursing, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 6 November, 2015

Abstract

 Studies have shown that when sleep is reduced, the individual becomes more irritable, tired and aggressive, more likely to have confused reactions and reduced pain tolerance level. This was a descriptive study designed to determine the effects of nurses’ hospital routines on client’s sleeping pattern among hospitalized patients in Ibadan. Respondents were selected from five different units that cut across various health conditions using a purposeful sampling method. The data were collected from the respondents using a 34 item questionnaire. The questions were coded and analyzed using frequency distribution, student t-test and Pearson correlation. The result revealed that a mean of 53.1400 of the total number of respondents reported quality sleep pattern before hospitalization compared with the mean of 15.2633 respondents who reported sleep quality during hospitalization which shows that there is a significant difference in sleep pattern before and during hospitalization. This study provided an opportunity for nurses to appreciate the importance of sleep (both in quality and quantity) especially for hospitalized patients as a vital contribution to recovery and the need for a thorough assessment of patients’ sleep pattern which is an important indicator of improving health or otherwise when clients are hospitalized.

Key words: Sleep pattern, hospitalization, nursing routine activities.

African Journal of Medicine and Surgery ISSN 3156-8734 Vol. 2 (4), pp. 048-054, October, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of carotenoid on the spleen of adult wistar rats following low and high administration

Ovigwe S. Micheal*, Ovedge D. A. and Ejike O. Felix

Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 22 July, 2015

Abstract

Carotenoids are hypothesized to play a preventive role in a variety of diseases; however, little is known about their biodistribution and metabolism in humans and tissue specific bioactivity. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of carotenoid on the spleen of adult wistar rats following low and high administration. Twenty healthy wistar rats weighing between 150-210 kg were used. They were designated as groups A, B, C and D. Group A served as the control and received 0.35 ml of distilled water; the experimental groups B, C and D received 0.4 ml, 0.5 ml and 0.6 ml of carotenoid respectively for twenty-one days. Twenty four hours after the last administration, the animals were weighed, anaesthetized under the influence of chloroform vapour and dissected. Spleen tissues were removed, weighed and trimmed down to a size of 3 mm × 3 mm and fixed in 10% formaldehyde for histological studies. There was significant weight gain of experimental groups related to the control. The relative spleen weight of the experimental groups was statistically similar with that of the control. Histological finding showed that there was no destruction of the cytoarchitecture of the spleen tissues. These findings suggest that low and high consumption of carotenoid may not put the spleen at risk of adverse histopathological conditions.

Key words: Spleen weight, body weight, carotenoid, antioxidant, hepatoprotective.