African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Microsporidiosis of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera- Bombycidae): A review

Shabir Ahmad Bhat¹, Ifat Bashir²* and Afifa S. Kamili¹

¹Division of Sericulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology- Kashmir, Post Box No. 674, G. P. O. Srinagar-190001.

²Department of Sericulture, Govt. Degree College for Women, Anantnag, Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir) -192101, India.

Accepted 07 December, 2020

Abstract

Microsporidiosis of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. is one of the deadliest diseases caused by intracellular obligatory parasite. Infections of the disease range from chronic to highly virulent and can result in complete loss to the sericulture industry. The disease has become increasingly more and more complex as more number of microsporidian strains / species infecting silkworms are being identified from India and other sericulture practicing countries of the world. These microsporidians differ in pathogenicity, rate of spread, transmission and multiplication. Therefore, an attempt has been made to review the literature on microsporodiosis of the silkworm B. mori L.

Key words: Bombyx mori L., microsporidia, Nosema bombycis, ultra structure.

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 8 (11), pp. 001-006, November, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The effects of protective dye layer applied on varnish layer hardness, scratch resistance and glossiness of various blockboard types

Nevzat Çakicier¹, Süleyman Korkut¹*, Derya Sevim Korkut¹, Ahmet Kurtoğlu², E. Seda Erdinler² and Goksel Ulay³

¹Duzce University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Industrial Engineering, 81620 Duzce-Turkey.

²Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Industrial Engineering, 34473 Bahcekoy-Sariyer-Turkey.

³Yuzuncuyil University, Van Vocational School Furniture and Decoration Program, Van-Turkey.

Accepted 18 April, 2020

Abstract

This study is carried out for determining the changes occurring on the amount of the material used on the protective layer when polyurethane and acrylic (lacquered) dye is applied on the test samples prepared from sandwich type composite (blockboard) boards with their surface coated or uncoated with paper, which are used for the yacht furniture and interior decoration. After applying polyurethane and acrylic dye on the 30 test samples prepared as coated or uncoated with paper with 10 x 10 x 1.6 cm sizes from blockboard, the surface hardness values of the protective layer as applied in ASTM D 4366-95 (1984) were determined, the scratch resistance were determined according to the essentials specified in TS 4757 (1986), and the glossiness were also determined according to the essentials specified in TS 4318 EN ISO 2813 (2002). According to the result of the study, concealing dyeing is obtained with much surface hardness, scratch resistance and glossiness by using less lacquer dye on the boards coated with paper. With this study, it is possible to suggest that coating with paper before lacquer dyeing can be a preferable application in terms of cost and time saving.

Key words: Blockboard, polyurethane dye, acrylic dye, hardness, scratch resistance, glossiness.

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 8 (11), pp. 001-005, November, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of rice grains with extremely small size

Shao Yafang, Zhang Gan and Bao Jinsong*

Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province and Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hua Jiachi Campus, Hangzhou, 310029, People’s Republic of China.

Accepted 15 April, 2020

Abstract

Whole cereal grains have been received increasingly attention by consumers due to their potential health benefits because of their antioxidant capacity, which is probably derived from their high contents of phenolics, flavonoids and other phytochemicals. Here, we reported the contents of phenolics and flavonoids in different rice genotypes with grain size ranging from extremely small to normal size. The smaller grains had higher phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity than the normal and larger grains. The phenolic content had positive correlation with the flavonoid content (P<0.001) and the antioxidant capacity (P<0.01). The phenolic and flavonoid content had negative correlation with grain length, grain length to width ratio and 100-grain weight (P<0.01), but had no relationship with grain width and grain thickness. Thus, the phenolic content could be indirectly predicted by grain length and 100-grain weight. New rice varieties high in antioxidant levels could be obtained by breeding for extremely small grain rice.

Key words: Phenolics, flavnoids, antioxidant capacity, rice grains.

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 8 (11), pp. 001-004, November, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Stability analysis for phenological characteristics in chickpea

Oral Duzdemir

Cankiri Karatekin University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology 18100 Cankiri, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected]. Fax: ++ 90 376 212 81 18.

Accepted 21 November, 2020

Abstract

This study aimed at determining the influence of genotype x environment interactions on phenological characteristics of chickpea. Field experiments were carried out on four different locations, in semi-arid conditions, in complete randomized blocks design with four replications from 2001 to 2002. Eleven certified and 3 indigenous varieties were used. Emergency date, first flowering period, flowering period and vegetation period were examined as phenological characteristics. For all characteristics, important changes, source of genotype x environment interactions, were determined at P<0.01. Stability analysis was carried out for all characteristics according to Finlay-Wilkinson and Eberhart-Russel models. Stable genotypes for each characteristic were found for two parameters.

Key words: Chickpea, stability analysis, phenological characteristics, Turkey.

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 8 (11), pp. 001-009, November, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Physiological variability in cyanobacterium PHORMIDIUM sp. Kützing ISC31 (Oscillatoriales) as response to varied microwave intensities

Akram Asadi¹*, Ramazan-Ali Khavari-Nejad^1,2, Neda Soltani³, Farzaneh Najafi¹ and Ahmad Molaie-Rad⁴

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Moalem University, P.O. Box 19835-371, Tehran, Iran.

²Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.

³Department of Biology, ACECR, Research Institute of Applied Science, Tehran, Iran.

⁴Department of Science and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.

Accepted 18 September, 2020

Abstract

We investigated the influence of microwave radiation on physiological behaviors of PHORMIDIUM sp. Kützing ISC31 (Oscillatoriales). The organism grown in BG-11 medium was microwave-treated at a frequency of 2450 MHz using a microwave oven. Fifteen (15) microwave pretreatments were established, combining five intensities (180, 360, 540, 720 and 900 W/cm²) and three periods of pretreatment [10, 20 and 30 second(s)]. Our results revealed that samples exposed to microwave various intensities showed significantly higher growth rates and biomass than that of non-irradiated controls. The content of chlorophyll a, which exists in the thylakoid membrane, decreased with increase in field strength and duration of exposure. Synthesis of the phycobiliproteins (PBP), phycocyanin (PC), phycoerythrin (PE) and allophycocyanin (APC), except in 720 and 900 W/cm² (30 s), increased in all exposures as compared to that of control. Photosynthetic activity rate compared to nitrogenase activity increased in all microwave exposures except in 180 W (10 s) and 720 W (10 s). Identification was carried out by molecular method. The result of PCR blasted with sequenced cyanobacteria in NCBI showed 97% homology to the 16S rRNA of PHORMIDIUM sp. This study revealed that various microwave intensities induce different physiological effects, depending on field strength and duration of exposure.

Key words: 16S rRNA gene, PCR, Phormidium, microwave treatment, physiological characteristic, paddy field.

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 8 (11), pp. 001-006, November, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

An evaluation of safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.), seed germination and seedling characters in salt stress conditions

Mostafavi Khodadad

Islamic Azad University- Karaj Branch, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 00989365686610.

Accepted 21 November, 2020

Abstract

In order to study the effect of salinity stress on germination and early seedling growth of six safflower genotypes namely KM5, KM8, KM12, KM19, KM47 and Kose by using five concentrations of NaCl (0, - 0.3, -0.5, -1 and -1.5 MPa) a factorial experiment was designed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications in Biotechnology Laboratory, Islamic Azad University-Karaj Branch. Results of ANOVA showed that salt stress adversely affected the germination percentage, germination rate, shoot length, root length, seedling length, root/shoot length ratio, seed vigour, and germination index and mean germination time of all 6 genotypes of safflower, which demonstrates high diversity among genotypes that enabled us to screen salinity tolerant cultivar. At the highest salt level (-1.5 MPa), Kose produced maximum germination percentage and germination rate of all genotypes and they were considered as relatively tolerant. Best level of NaCl concentration in root length, shoot length, seedling length and seed vigour was -0.3 MPa. Seed vigour increased with increase in osmotic potential until -0.3 MPa but decreased in -0.5 MPa. Results of cluster analysis (Ward’s minimum variance method) at the highest salt level (-1.5 MPa) classified all genotypes into three group. According to the obtained results, we found that Kose is the most resistant and KM5, KM8 and KM47 are the most sensitive genotypes.

Key words: Cluster analysis, germination indices, NaCl, seed vigour.