African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 12 (2), pp. 001-004, February, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Reproductive patterns and seed yield characteristics of ‘egusi’ melon (Colocynthis citrullus L.)

Ogbonna, Peter Ejimofor

Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 7 September, 2023

Abstract

A research was carried out in the experimental farm of the Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka to study some aspects of floral, fruit and seed yield characteristic of accessions of “Egusi” melon (Colocynthis citrullus L.). It was observed that male flower anthesis occurred earlier than female flower anthesis. Male flowers opened between 30 to 32 days after seedling emergence while female flowers opened at 32 to 34 days after seedling emergence. Number of male flowers at first female flower anthesis was in the range of 27 to 32. First male flower bud was produced in the fourth node on the main vine while the first female flower bud was produced in the ninth node on the main vine in all the accessions. The male flowers were also produced in a higher proportion than the female flowers. The ratio of male to female flowers produced/plant was in the range of 4:1 and 7:1. Number of fruits/plant, fruit yield/plant (kg) and average fruit weight (kg) ranged between 3.42 and 4.54, 3.08 and 3.72 and 0.78, and 0.90, respectively. Number of seeds/fruit, number of seeds/plant, seed yield/fruit (g) and seed yield/plant (g) ranged between 162.82 and 190.88, 652.81 and 815.25, 18.8 and 23.02, and 76.52 and 101.74, respectively.

Key words: Egusi melon, accessions, flower, fruit.
 

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 12 (1), pp. 001-010, January, 2024. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Impact of Intra-Row Spacing on Shelf Life of Onion Varieties (Allium cepa L.) in Aksum, Northern Ethiopia

Yemane Kahsay¹*, Fetien Abay² and Derbew Belew³

¹Axum Agricultural Research Center, Axum, Ethiopia.

²Department of Plant Breeding and Seed technology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.

³Department of Horticulture, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.

Accepted 15 November, 2013

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of intra-row spacing and, variety on yield and shelf life of onion. The study was conducted between August 2010 and April 2011 at Aksum area (Laelay Maichew District). Three different intra-row spacings (5, 7.5 and 10 cm) were evaluated using 4 varieties of onion (‘Adama’ Red, ‘Bombay’ Red, ‘Melkam’ and ‘Nasik’ Red) using randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Data on yield and shelf life parameters were recorded and subjected to analysis of variance using SAS 9.2 software. The result showed the post harvest deterioration as measured by percentage of marketable loss, total soluble sugars in ^oBrix and dry matter content (DMC) was less on ‘Nasik’ Red variety. The largest bulb size, produced by the larger intra-row spacing, showed highest rotting percentage compared to the smaller ones. Average bulb weight loss during storage also was higher at the intra-row spacing of 5 cm than 7.5 cm. Moreover, the result revealed that ‘Melkam’ and ‘Bombay’ Red varieties were superior in yield and an intra-row spacing of 7.5 cm can gave good yield bulbs while ‘Nasik’ Red had best storage quality and ‘Melkam’ and ‘Adama’ Red are moderate.

Key words: Quality, yield, storage, onions, dry matter content.

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 12 (1), pp. 001-007, January, 2024. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Morphological Trait Analysis in Nigerian Rainfed Rice Accessions: A Principal Component Approach

Gana A. S.*, Shaba S. Z. and Tsado E. K.

Department of Crop Production, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

Accepted 17 October, 2023

Abstract

Field experiment was conducted at Edozhigi, National Cereal Research Institute experimental field, to assess the contribution of morphological traits to variability in some accessions of rice. The field was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Thirty nine entries collected from farmer’s field and National Cereals Research Institute gene Bank were planted in a plot size of 5 × 1 m. The experiment was conducted in 2009 and 2010 cropping seasons. Data were collected on twelve morpho-physiological traits. The results of the principal component analysis showed that the first 5 principal component axes explained 68.9% (first year) and 61.6% (second year) of the total variations in the rice population. The combined results showed that 65.4% of the variations were accounted for by the first 5 principal components axes. Number of grains per panicle loaded more on the component loading correction plot using the combined results. It accounted for about 17.8% of the variation in the population. High levels of variability were expressed among the varieties and the characters studied which will allow further improvement in the varieties.

Key words: Variation, principal component, rice, variety.

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN: 2375-0693 Vol. 11 (9), pp. 001-004, September, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Opinion 

Accepted 26 June, 2023

Title: The Role of Technology Adoption in Improving Smallholder Farmers' Productivity

Thabo Nomvula, Zinhle Lungile and Sipho Thandiwe Bokamoso

Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development - University of Pretoria, South Africa.

Abstract:

This opinion article explores the crucial role of technology adoption in enhancing the productivity of smallholder farmers. It highlights the potential benefits and challenges associated with the adoption of technology in agricultural practices. The article emphasizes the need for effective strategies to promote technology adoption among smallholder farmers, considering their unique circumstances and limitations. By harnessing the power of technology, smallholder farmers can overcome various constraints and achieve sustainable agricultural development.

Keywords: technology adoption, smallholder farmers, productivity, agricultural practices, sustainable development.

Introduction:

Smallholder farmers play a vital role in global food production, particularly in developing countries. However, they often face numerous challenges that hinder their productivity and livelihoods. Limited access to resources, inadequate infrastructure, and climate change are some of the key obstacles faced by smallholder farmers. In recent years, technology adoption has emerged as a potential solution to address these challenges and improve agricultural productivity. This article aims to shed light on the role of technology adoption in enhancing smallholder farmers' productivity.

Discussion:

1. Benefits of Technology Adoption:

Technology adoption offers several advantages for smallholder farmers. Firstly, it enables them to access valuable information related to weather patterns, market prices, and best farming practices. This information empowers farmers to make informed decisions and optimize their production processes. Additionally, technology tools such as mobile applications and online platforms facilitate knowledge sharing among farmers, fostering collaboration and learning from each other's experiences.

Furthermore, technology adoption can enhance resource management by optimizing inputs such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides. Precision agriculture techniques, including remote sensing and GPS-based systems, enable farmers to apply these inputs more efficiently, reducing waste and environmental impact. Moreover, mechanization through the use of farm machinery can significantly reduce labor-intensive tasks and increase overall efficiency.

2. Challenges in Technology Adoption:

Despite its potential benefits, technology adoption among smallholder farmers faces several challenges. Limited access to technology infrastructure, such as internet connectivity and electricity, remains a significant barrier in many rural areas. The high cost of technology devices and services also poses a challenge for resource-constrained farmers. Additionally, the lack of digital literacy and technical skills among smallholder farmers hampers their ability to effectively utilize technology tools.

Cultural and social factors can also influence technology adoption. Farmers may be hesitant to adopt new technologies due to traditional farming practices deeply rooted in their communities. Moreover, the absence of tailored solutions that address the specific needs and constraints of smallholder farmers further inhibits technology adoption.

3. Strategies for Promoting Technology Adoption:

To overcome the challenges associated with technology adoption, it is crucial to implement targeted strategies that cater to the unique circumstances of smallholder farmers. Firstly, improving access to technology infrastructure should be a priority. Governments, NGOs, and private sector entities can collaborate to expand internet connectivity and provide affordable technology devices in rural areas.

Capacity building programs that focus on digital literacy and technical skills development are essential for empowering smallholder farmers to effectively use technology tools. These programs can be delivered through training workshops, farmer field schools, or partnerships with agricultural extension services.

Furthermore, fostering an enabling environment through policy support is vital. Governments should develop policies that incentivize technology adoption, such as tax breaks or subsidies for purchasing agricultural technologies. Collaboration between research institutions, private sector companies, and farmers' organizations can also facilitate the development and dissemination of appropriate technologies tailored to smallholder farmers' needs.

Conclusion:

Technology adoption holds immense potential for improving smallholder farmers' productivity and livelihoods. By leveraging technology tools and innovations, smallholder farmers can overcome various challenges they face in their daily agricultural practices. However, addressing barriers such as limited access to infrastructure, high costs, and lack of digital literacy is crucial for successful adoption. Through targeted strategies and policy support, stakeholders can promote technology adoption among smallholder farmers and contribute to sustainable agricultural development.

References:

1. FAO. (2018). The State of Food and Agriculture 2018: Migration, Agriculture and Rural Development. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

2. World Bank. (2020). World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains. World Bank Group.

3. IFAD. (2019). Rural Development Report 2019: Creating Opportunities for Rural Youth. International Fund for Agricultural Development.

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN: 2375-0693 Vol. 11 (8), pp. 001-004, August, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Commentary

Accepted 15 June, 2023

Title: Assessing the Effectiveness of Agricultural Extension Services in Developing Countries

Adewale Ajayi and Aduke A. Adeyemi

Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria.

Abstract:

This commentary article aims to assess the effectiveness of agricultural extension services in developing countries. Agricultural extension services play a crucial role in providing farmers with the necessary knowledge, skills, and resources to improve their agricultural practices and increase productivity. However, there is a need to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of these services to ensure that they are meeting the needs of farmers and contributing to sustainable agricultural development. This article discusses the importance of agricultural extension services, explores different evaluation methods, and provides insights into the challenges faced in assessing their effectiveness. The findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring and evaluation to enhance the impact of agricultural extension services in developing countries.

Keywords: agricultural extension services, developing countries, effectiveness, evaluation methods, sustainable agriculture.

Introduction:

Agricultural extension services are vital components of agricultural development strategies in developing countries. These services aim to bridge the gap between research institutions and farmers by disseminating knowledge, providing technical assistance, and facilitating access to resources. The ultimate goal is to empower farmers with the necessary information and skills to improve their agricultural practices, increase productivity, and enhance food security.

The effectiveness of agricultural extension services is crucial for ensuring that they are fulfilling their intended purpose. Evaluating their impact helps identify strengths and weaknesses, enabling policymakers and stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation and program improvement. This commentary article examines various aspects related to assessing the effectiveness of agricultural extension services in developing countries.

Discussion:

1. Importance of Agricultural Extension Services:

Agricultural extension services serve as intermediaries between research institutions and farmers. They provide valuable information on new technologies, best practices, market trends, and climate change adaptation strategies. By disseminating this knowledge, extension workers empower farmers to make informed decisions about crop selection, pest management, soil conservation techniques, irrigation methods, and more.

2. Evaluation Methods:

Assessing the effectiveness of agricultural extension services requires the use of appropriate evaluation methods. These methods can be categorized into quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative methods involve measuring specific indicators such as crop yield, income levels, adoption rates of new technologies, and changes in farming practices. Qualitative methods, on the other hand, focus on understanding farmers' perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge gained through extension services. Combining both approaches provides a comprehensive assessment of the impact of agricultural extension services.

3. Challenges in Assessing Effectiveness:

Evaluating the effectiveness of agricultural extension services in developing countries poses several challenges. Limited resources, inadequate monitoring systems, and lack of standardized evaluation frameworks hinder the ability to conduct rigorous assessments. Additionally, contextual factors such as socio-economic conditions, cultural norms, and geographical variations influence the outcomes of extension services. Overcoming these challenges requires collaboration among stakeholders, capacity building for extension workers, and the establishment of robust monitoring and evaluation systems.

Conclusion:

Assessing the effectiveness of agricultural extension services in developing countries is crucial for ensuring that these services meet the needs of farmers and contribute to sustainable agricultural development. By evaluating their impact using appropriate methods, policymakers and stakeholders can make informed decisions regarding resource allocation and program improvement. Overcoming challenges related to limited resources and contextual factors is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of agricultural extension services. Continuous monitoring and evaluation are necessary to adapt and improve these services to address evolving agricultural challenges in developing countries.

References:

1. Davis, K., & Asenso-Okyere, K. (2019). Assessing the Impact of Agricultural Extension Services in Developing Countries: A Critical Review of the Evidence. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70(1), 1-25.

2. Swanson, B. E., & Rajalahti, R. (2010). Strengthening Agricultural Extension and Advisory Systems: Procedures for Assessing, Transforming, and Evaluating Extension Systems. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.

3. Rivera, W. M., & Sulaiman, R. V. (2009). Extension Reform for Rural Development: A Global Perspective. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 7(3), 161-179.

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN: 2375-0693 Vol. 11 (8), pp. 001-004, August, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Commentary

Accepted 13 June, 2023

Title: The Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa

Zainab Abdulrahman and Fatima Ibrahim

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

Abstract:

This commentary article aims to explore the significant impact of climate change on agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. It provides an overview of the current state of agriculture in the region, highlighting its vulnerability to climate change. The article discusses the various ways in which climate change affects agricultural productivity, including changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and shifts in pest and disease dynamics. Furthermore, it examines the socio-economic implications of these impacts and explores potential adaptation strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on agriculture. The conclusion emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive policies and international cooperation to address the challenges posed by climate change and ensure food security in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Keywords: climate change, agricultural productivity, Sub-Saharan Africa, temperature, precipitation, extreme weather events, pests and diseases, adaptation strategies, food security.

Introduction:

Sub-Saharan Africa is highly dependent on agriculture for food security and economic development. However, this region is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to its reliance on rain-fed agriculture and limited adaptive capacity. Climate change poses significant challenges to agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa, threatening food security and exacerbating poverty levels.

Discussion:

1. Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Productivity:

1.1 Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Patterns:

Climate change leads to rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns in Sub-Saharan Africa. Higher temperatures can negatively affect crop growth and development by reducing photosynthesis rates and increasing water stress. Changes in precipitation patterns can result in droughts or floods, both of which have detrimental effects on crop yields.

1.2 Increased Frequency of Extreme Weather Events:

Climate change has led to an increase in extreme weather events such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, and storms. These events can cause substantial damage to crops, livestock, infrastructure, and agricultural systems. They disrupt planting and harvesting schedules, destroy crops, and lead to soil erosion and nutrient depletion.

1.3 Shifts in Pest and Disease Dynamics:

Climate change alters the distribution and abundance of pests and diseases, posing additional challenges to agricultural productivity. Warmer temperatures can facilitate the spread of pests and diseases, affecting crop health and reducing yields. Invasive species may also thrive under changing climatic conditions, further impacting agricultural systems.

2. Socio-economic Implications:

The impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity have severe socio-economic consequences in Sub-Saharan Africa. Reduced crop yields and livestock productivity can lead to food shortages, price volatility, and increased vulnerability to poverty. Smallholder farmers, who constitute a significant portion of the population, are particularly affected as they lack resources and access to adaptation measures.

3. Adaptation Strategies:

To mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa, various adaptation strategies can be implemented:

3.1 Crop Diversification: Promoting the cultivation of diverse crops can enhance resilience to climate variability and reduce vulnerability to pests and diseases.

3.2 Improved Water Management: Implementing efficient irrigation systems, rainwater harvesting techniques, and water conservation practices can help mitigate water scarcity during drought periods.

3.3 Agroforestry: Integrating trees into agricultural landscapes can improve soil fertility, provide shade for crops, and act as windbreaks, reducing the impacts of extreme weather events.

3.4 Climate-Smart Agriculture: Adopting climate-smart agricultural practices such as conservation agriculture, agroecology, and precision farming can enhance productivity while minimizing environmental impacts.

Conclusion:

The impact of climate change on agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention. The region's heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture makes it highly vulnerable to changing climatic conditions. Urgent action is needed to develop comprehensive policies that promote sustainable agriculture, enhance adaptive capacity, and ensure food security for the growing population. International cooperation, financial support, and technology transfer are crucial to address the challenges posed by climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa.

References:

1. Lobell, D. B., & Gourdji, S. M. (2012). The influence of climate change on global crop productivity. Plant physiology, 160(4), 1686-1697.

2. Thornton, P. K., Jones, P. G., Ericksen, P. J., & Challinor, A. J. (2011). Agriculture and food systems in sub-Saharan Africa in a 4°C+ world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1639), 117-136.

3. Rosenzweig, C., Elliott, J., Deryng, D., Ruane, A. C., Müller, C., Arneth, A., ... & Ray, D. K. (2014). Assessing agricultural risks of climate change in the 21st century in a global gridded crop model intercomparison. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(9), 3268-3273.