African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-010, March, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparative Study of Seed Germination in Java Plum (Syzygium cuminii) Among Three Provenances in Western Kenya

J. L. Okuto and G. Ouma*

Department of Botany, Maseno University, P. O. Box 333, Maseno, Kenya.

Accepted 28 October, 2024

Abstract

Indigenous fruits are very important as sources of food security, balanced households nutrition. Deforestation poses a serious threat to their survival. Domestication of these trees can be successful only if successful propagation techniques are applied. In Kenya Syzigium cuminii has become a very important indigenous fruit tree for local consumption and income generation and it mainly grows in Siaya, Vihiga and Kisumu districts. Studies were conducted in Maseno, Kenya (2004 - 2005) to investigate variation of seed germination of S. cuminii in three districts (provenances) mentioned above. The experimental design used was completely randomized design. The treatments included different watering regimes and light and darkness durations respectively. The results showed that both light and irrigation regimes significantly (P 0.05) increased the germination of S. cuminii but 24 h darkness inhibited it. The best treatment was 12 h light. S. cuminii seeds are therefore photodormant since they require light to germinate. There was no variation of seed germination among the districts (provenances).

Key words: Light, water, photodormancy, provenance, germination.

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-009, February, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessing Pathogenicity and Vegetative Compatibility Among Olive Populations of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

S. J. Sanei* and S. E. Razavi

Department of Plant Protection, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

Accepted 15 November, 2024

Abstract

Twenty five isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides obtained from fruits of olive, apple and citrus trees from different regions of Golestan province, northern Iran. Results from cross-inoculation experiments showed a great variability in pathogenicity among the isolates examined. They were investigated using complementation tests with nitrate-non-utilizing (Nit) mutants to know their vegetative compatibility. Among 250 chlorate-resistant sectors obtained, only 187 were Nit mutants. Three types of Nit mutants were obtained (Nit1, Nit3 and NitM) on the basis of the fungal phenotype. Nit1 mutants were the most frequent (71.6%), followed by NitM (16.6%) and Nit3 (11.8%). Based on their ability to form heterokaryons, all olive pathogenic isolates were grouped into two vegetative compatibility groups (VCG). This is a good indication of the homogeneity of the olive C. gloeosporioides population. The results might also suggest the absence of a relationship between pathogenicity of strains on apple and VCG.

Key words: Nit mutants, VCG, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Olive tree.

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 13 (1), pp. 001-027, January, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Review

Bacterial Pathogen Profiles in Pigs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Highlighting Escherichia coli

Rukayya Hussain Abubakar¹, Evelyn Madoroba^2,3, Olubukola Adenubi⁴, Darshana Morar-Leather¹ and Folorunso O. Fasina^1,5*

¹Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
²Bacteriology Section, Agricultural Research Council–Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, South Africa.
³College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, South Africa.
⁴Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa .
⁵Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), UNON, Gigiri, Kenya. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +27719790042; +254 729840367.

Accepted 15 September, 2024

Abstract

Pigs are ungulate animals of the genus Suis and family Suidae. They are globally spread but restricted in certain countries due to religious and cultural beliefs. Pork serves as an important source of protein (38% of meat consumed in the world). While pig production remains a profitable enterprise, commercial and particularly the small-scale farmers face huge constraint in this husbandry practice, one of the most important being bacterial infections and its associated with morbidity and mortality. In this work, we reviewed the prevalence of bacterial infections in pigs with particular reference to Escherichia coli, a bacterium that is regularly isolated and can lead to multiple infections in pigs. Literatures were searched on selected veterinary and biological data bases in 2016 with focus on natural infections and isolates from natural infections with epidemiological details. Pathotypes, serotypes and serogroups of E. coli, the country of origin, source, growth stage, age of pigs infected, disease outbreak, the number of samples and type of samples, numbers and percentage of positive samples and isolates were used as filters. Pathotypes reported include enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) 66.7%, enterotoxigenic E. coli and shiga toxigenic E. coli (ETEC and STEC) 14.3%, STEC only (7.9%), enterotoxigenic E. coli/enteropathogenic E. coli/enteroaggregative E. coli (ETEC/EPEC/EAE) 31.7%. Others were enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) (ETEC, EPEC, STEC) and extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Twenty-nine countries with documented records of cases of E. coli were included with the USA reporting, the highest number followed by China. About 74% of the samples were taken from farms and others were from samples submitted to research laboratories and veterinary faculties for necropsy. Serogroups O141, O149, O139, O138, O8 and O9 were most common. Piglets were most affected (52.3%) followed by weaners (39.6%) and porkers (7.9%) with age ranging from 1 to 392 days old. A total of 24,854 isolates were considered, 10477 (42.2%) were positives and the following genes were carried: STa, STb, LT, stx1, stx2, Stx-2e, F4, F5, F6, F18, F41, AIDA, EAST1, eae, paa and hlyA. The diseases produced by E. coli were neonatal diarrhoea, colibacillosis, post-weaning diarrhoea and edema disease. The associated risk factors were poor housing, management and feed changes, extensive use of antibiotics as prophylaxis, overcrowding, and high humidity and temperature changes. India, USA, Japan, Slovakia, Denmark Sweden and Poland were countries with significant reports and high detection of virulence factors (72 to 100%).

Key words: Escherichia coli, diarrhea, serogroups, enterotoxigenic, colibacillosis.
 

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 13 (1), pp. 001-010, January, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Navigating the genetically modified organisms crop debate: A comparative analysis of Nigeria and global perspectives

Lukman A. Ajibade¹., Oluyemisi M. Adewale¹., Mercy O. Adebisi¹., Fatimat O. Adeigbe¹., Bukola E. Odeyinka¹., Abideen B. Oseni1., Bethel M. Elum¹., Olakunle O. Alabi¹., Effi O. Mercy¹., Funmilayo B. Olajide-Taiwo¹ and Oluyemisi Adebisi-Adelani¹

¹Department of Farming Systems and Extension, National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Ibadan, 200272, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Abstract

Accepted 28 December, 2024

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the ongoing debate surrounding Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) in Nigeria, juxtaposed with global trends in their adoption. GMOs, designed to enhance traits such as pest resistance and drought tolerance, have become pivotal in addressing food security challenges. The findings reveal that while Nigeria is witnessing a gradual increase in GMO acceptance, particularly through the commercialisation of crops like Bt cotton, it still lags behind leading global adopters such as the United States and Brazil, where over 93% of major crops are genetically modified. In contrast, many European and African nations remain resistant to GMOs, driven by concerns over health risks, environmental impacts, and ethical considerations. The study identifies key stakeholders—including government policymakers, agricultural companies, and farmers—and examines how their perceptions influence food security, agricultural practices, and policy formulation in Nigeria. Ultimately, the research underscores the need for enhanced public awareness, improved regulatory frameworks, and innovative support systems to promote sustainable agricultural practices and ensure informed decision-making regarding GMO adoption in Nigeria.

Keywords: Food security; public perception; adoption challenges; nutritional benefits; environmental impact.
 

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 13 (1), pp. 001-010, January, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparative Analysis of Pig Faeces Digestion Versus Anaerobic Co-Digestion with Wastewater Sludge and Bovine Ruminal Contents

José Ramón Laines Canepa*, Shayla Montejo Olán, José Aurelio Sosa Olivier, Israel Ávila Lázaro and Gabriel Núñez Nogueira

División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas km 0.5 entronque con Bosques de Saloya, 86150, Centro, Tabasco, México.

Accepted 17 August, 2024

Abstract

Anaerobic co-digestion improves the pig faeces digestion process. This work presents anaerobic digestion of pig faeces (C) as compared to 2 co-substrates: Sludge (L) from waste waters and bovine ruminal gastric content (R). Pig faeces used were generated in a local farm at the Juarez Autonomous University of Tabasco (UJAT), with a total population of 148 animals. Analytical determinations were made on the substrate and co-substrates. Each treatment was performed in triplicate (9 experimental units), for 18 weeks. C+R co-digestion had the highest removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) with 90%. Biogas production (0.012 L day-1) was quantified for C and C+R, with concentrations of 70.87±8.65 and 71.89 ± 7.60% of methane (CH4), respectively. For C+L, it was 0.009 L day-1, with 77.89±6.74% of CH4. Results obtained showed that co-digestion of C+L was better with regards to the quality of biogas from low hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations (70.33±6.36 ppm). The use of anaerobic co-digestion systems represents an alternative treatment for faeces generated in pig farms and other kinds of wastes to reduce the potential source of infection produced by these types of waste.

Key words: Biogas, digester, manure, pig faeces, rumen.

African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN 2375-0693 Vol. 13 (1), pp. 001-008, January, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Ecological Insights into Lepidoptera Diversity in Bartin Province, Western Black Sea Region of Turkey

Azize Toper Kaygin¹*, Yafes Yildiz¹ and Mustafa Avci²

¹Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Bartın University, 74100 Bartın, Turkey.
²Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, University of Suleyman Demirel, Isparta, Turkey

Accepted 10 October, 2019

Abstract

This research was performed in the field and laboratory between the years 2007 and 2008 with the aim of identifying species of the order Lepidoptera in Bartin region. The butterfly species that were existing in Bartin centrum, Amasra, Ulus, Kurucasile and in nearby regions like Inkum, Mugada, Kumluca, Kozcagiz, Cakraz etc and plus in the campus of Bartin Faculty of Forestry were brought to the laboratory after having been obtained by various methods such as butterfly net, light traps and pheromones traps. Those species having been examined under a lup and microscope were identified and protected in the laboratory. In the end of the study, the data obtained were 90 species from 21 families of Lepidoptera class. Among these species 15 have been mostly observed in agricultural areas. The samples mostly identified were Lycaenidae, Noctuidae, Nymphalidae and Satyridae.

Key words: Bartin, identification, Lepidoptera, species.