African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery

African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery ISSN 2198-4638 Vol. 7 (6), pp. 001-007, June, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of soy protein on selected enzymes in tissues of rats fed a cholesterol diet

Olarewaju M. Oluba^1*, E. Chukwu Onyeneke¹, Godwin C. Ojieh² and George O. Eidangbe²

¹Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, P. M. B. 1154, Benin-City, Nigeria.

²Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria.

Accepted 24 March, 2019

Abstract

Soy protein, an important component of soybeans is unique among plant-based protein because of its associated isoflavones. Isoflavones are a group of compounds with variety of biological properties that may potentially benefit human health. Their actions in various tissues have motivated researchers to access the possible related mechanisms and functions. This study is aimed at determining the effect of soy protein on selected tissue enzymes (used as aids in early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease) in rats fed a cholesterol diet. 24 male Wistar albino rats were assigned randomly into three groups. The first group serving as control was placed on normal diet while groups two and three were fed diet containing 5% cholesterol and 5% cholesterol plus 5% soy protein, respectively. The animals were placed on their respective diet for 7 weeks and at weekly interval LDH, ALT, AST and - GT activities in the liver, kidney and heart were monitored. At the end of the study period, LDH, ALT, AST and -GT activities were substantially reduced in the liver, kidney and heart of rats fed soy protein plus cholesterol diet compared with those fed cholesterol diet without soy protein. These results indicate that soy protein reduces the accumulation of excess fat in the liver, kidney and heart and thus prevent cell death due to lipotoxicity.

Key words: Soy protein, cholesterol, diet, enzyme, lipotoxicity, cardiovascular disease.

African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery ISSN 2198-4638 Vol. 7 (6), pp. 001-002, June, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Editorial 

Research and Development of Drugs – unequal for certain diseases

African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery ISSN 2198-4638 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 001-004, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Evaluation of the association of NOD2/CARD15 gene polymorphisms with clinical course of Turkish Crohn’s disease patients

Fatih Tekin¹*, Afig Berdeli², Omer Ozutemiz¹, Ahmet Aydin¹, Ahmet Musoglu¹, Necla Osmanoglu¹ and Tankut Ilter¹

¹Ege University Medical School, Department of Gastroenterology, Izmir, Turkey.

²Ege University Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Izmir, Turkey.

Accepted 17 March, 2019

Abstract

NOD2/CARD15 gene variants may be associated with distinct phenotypic expressions of Crohn’s disease, however, this association may change according to the ethnic and regional variation. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of NOD2/CARD15 gene mutations on disease phenotype in Turkish Crohn’s disease patients. Fourty-five Crohn’s disease patients (32 males, 13 females) with a mean age of 38.7 ± 12.1 (range: 19-78) were enrolled into this prospective study. The three major polymorphisms (R702W, G908R, 3020insC) on NOD2/CARD15 gene were studied from the peripheral blood genomic DNA. R702W and G908R mutations were studied by PCR-RFLP method, and 3020insC mutation was studied by DNA sequencing. No homozygous mutation was detected. Heterozygous R702W, G908R, and 3020insC mutations were detected in 4, 3, and 4 patients, respectively. The frequency of R702W, G908R, and 3020insC mutations was found to be 4.4, 3.3, and 4.4%, respectively. The overall mutation frequency was found to be 12.2%. There was no statistically difference between the clinical course of the patients with (n = 11) and without (n = 34) mutations (p>0.05). NOD2/CARD15 gene polymorphisms do not have impact on disease phenotype in Turkish Crohn’s disease patients.

Key words: NOD2/CARD15 gene, Crohn’s disease, phenotype.

African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery ISSN 2198-4638 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Antibiotic prescription and resistance: A contemporary literature review

Godfrey B. S. Iyalomhe¹*, Sarah I. Iyalomhe² and Richard E. Eholor¹

¹Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma, Nigeria.

²Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, Central Hospital, Auchi, Nigeria.

Accepted 09 March, 2019

Abstract

Worldwide, antibiotics are among the most commonly used and misused drugs because of the perception in some practitioners and patients that antibiotic resistance is theoretical or only a minor risk. This review therefore aims to update knowledge and promote proper antibiotic prescription with the goal of optimizing use and halting the trend of rising resistance. A literature and internet (Medline, embase, HINARI and Cochrane data bases) search showed that prescription of antibiotics only when indicated following standard guidelines minimizes the incidence and spread of resistance. Mechanisms of resistance development include bacterial mutation or horizontal transfer from plasmids, transposons, integrons and gene cassettes between commensal organisms and potential pathogens by transduction, translocation, transposition, transformation or conjugation. Resistance may emerge following indiscriminate use of antibiotics, unhygienic conditions, poor drug handling and non-adherence. To halt resistance, priority areas include prudent use of antibiotics; development of antimicrobials with novel mechanisms of action; use of bioinformatics and genomic techniques to identify and study new targets of attack; use of alternatives to antibiotics such as bacteriophage-derived therapy or chemical agents that can block or reverse resistance pathways; use of agents in natural products, vaccines and pro-biotics as well as implementing public health strategies and education of the populace. In response, initiatives at the local, national and international levels are now directed towards promoting good antibiotic stewardship, infection control, sanitation and hygiene practices.

Key words: Antibiotic, antimicrobials, prescription, resistance, contemporary, review.

African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery ISSN 2198-4638 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Papers

The effect of foot and hand massage on postoperative cardiac surgery pain

Marziyeh Asadizaker*, Alizaman Fathizadeh, Amanollah Haidari, Shahin Goharpai and Sedighe Fayzi

Ahvaz Jondishapour Medical Sciences University, Iran.

Accepted 19 February, 20019

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the effects of foot and hand massage on postoperative pain and sedative drug use in cardiac surgery patients. One of the most important problems and complaint that have been experienced by patients who are influenced by surgery is the pain. Physiological responses to pain create harmful effects on the body recovery after cardiac surgery, and they routinely report mild to moderate pain even though sedative drugs have been administered. This study was a clinical trial performed in the intensive care cardiac unit (ICCU) and cardiac surgery ward of Gollestan hospital, dependent on Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences in Ahwaz city, Iran. Sixty-five patients were selected based on aim and randomly assigned to either control (n = 33) or massage group (n = 32). The massage group received a 20 min foot and hand massage (each extremity 5 min) and control group rested in bed and researcher was near them for 20 min. Pain intensity measured by visual analogue scale and other variables were measured by check list before and after intervention in two groups. There was statistically significant difference on the pain intensity and type, and amount of sedative drug used between the two groups after intervention (massage) (p-value = 0.000). According to the obtained findings, first and second hypothesis were approved, and the pain was reduced by hand and foot massage. Our study supports the effectiveness of massage in postoperative cardiac surgical pain.

Key words: Foot and hand massage, cardiac surgery, pain.

African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery ISSN 2198-4638 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 001-008, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

An appraisal of non-staff visitor involvement in bedside patient care in a specific hospital in the Midwest United States

Huey-Ming Tzeng¹* and Chang-Yi Yin.²

¹Department of Nursing, School of Health Professions and Studies, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, Michigan, USA.

²Department of History, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Accepted 03 January, 2019

Abstract

A descriptive study was conducted to understand the prevalence of non-staff visitor presence in acute inpatient care settings. This paper also summarizes recent studies on the issues related to promoting efficient and effective care transitions and the recent movement of embracing family and non-family visitor involvement in patient care. This descriptive study was conducted in three inpatient care units of a Michigan hospital in April, 2007. A trained research assistant counted the number of visitors for each patient on two weekdays and two weekend days at three predetermined time points for each day. Descriptive analyses were used to answer the question of: What is the prevalence of visitor presence in a specific hospital in the Midwest United States? About 36% of the patients had at least one visitor present during their hospital stays. Among adult medical patients, about 22% of them had at least one visitor present. Among pediatric patients, about 59% of them had at least one visitor present during the hospital stays. A culture of non-staff visitor involvement in bedside care exists in the US hospital environment when a child is hospitalized, but this is not necessarily the case when an adult is hospitalized.

Key words: Hospitals, safety, patients, family, professional-family relations, nursing care.