ISSN 2756-3707
Research Article
International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 7 (1), pp. 001-004, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Evaluation of the shoot regeneration response in tissue culture of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.) varieties adapted to eastern and southern Africa
Santie de Villiers1*, Quinata Emongor2, Rosemary Njeri2, Eastonce Gwata1, David Hoisington3, Irene Njagi2, Said Silim1 and Kiran Sharma3
1ICRISAT, Nairobi, PO Box 39063-00623, Nairobi, Kenya.
2KARI-Biotechnology Centre PO Box 57811, Nairobi, Kenya.
3ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India.
Accepted 13 November, 2019
Abstract
Seven varieties of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.) of varying growth durations and adapted to a wide range of environments across eastern and southern Africa were evaluated for their shoot regeneration response in tissue culture. On a standardized shoot regeneration medium, the short duration varieties (ICPV 88091 and ICPV 86012) generally responded faster and better than the medium duration (ICEAP 00554 and ICEAP 00557) and long duration (ICEAP 00020, ICEAP 00040 and ICEAP 00053) varieties. However, all the tested varieties produced healthy rooted plants in vitro that could be transferred to the greenhouse where they exhibited normal growth, flowering and viable seed set. This study established the basis for genetic engineering of African pigeonpea varieties.
Key words: Shoot regeneration, pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan, African varieties.
Eastonce Gwata, Rosemary Njeri, Santie de Villiers*, Quinata Emongor, Said Silim and Kiran Sharma, Irene Njagi, David Hoisington
Research Article
International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 6 (7), pp. 001-006, July, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Regeneration of tropical maize lines (ZEA MAYS l.) from mature zygotic embryo through callus initiation
D. Zerihun Abebe1, Wondyifraw Teffera1 and Jesse S. Machuka2*
1Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute, P. O. Box 192, Jimma, Ethiopia.
2Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P. O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya.
Accepted 14 January, 2019
Abstract
The use of immature zygotic embryos as an explant for maize regeneration has been hampered by the strictly limited suitable duration of immature embryos for culture. In contrast, mature zygotic embryos harvested from dry seeds are ubiquitous. However, generally mature embryos and especially tropical maize genotypes have been considered as the most recalcitrant for tissue culture work. Consequently tropical maize regeneration from mature embryos has not been reported so far. Here, we report successful regeneration of one inbred and one open pollinated tropical maize line from mature zygotic embryos using split seed technique. The maximum average callus induction recorded using LS basal salts and B5 vitamins supplemented with 3 mg l-1 2,4-D alone was 90% and 52.5% when same level of 2,4-D was combined with Kinetin. A maximum of 75.6% Type II and 62.3% Type I callus was produced after maintaining calli on media composed of LS basal salts and B5 vitamins supplemented with 2 mg l-1 of 2,4-D. The frequency of regenerable calli induced was 21.14% for CIMMYT maize line 216 and 16.51% for Katumani. The number of shoots regenerated per callus induced on single split seed ranged from 1-5.
Key words: Maize tissue culture, scutellum, plumule, organogenic callus, embryogenic callus.
D. Zerihun Abebe, Wondyifraw Teffera and Jesse S. Machuka*
Research Article
International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 6 (7), pp. 001-008, July, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Biochemical changes in the plasma of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Ngure R. M1., Ndungu J. M5, Ngotho J. M4, Nancy M. K1., Maathai R. G2 and Gateri L. M3
1Egerton University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P. O. BOX 536 Egerton, Kenya.
2University of Nairobi, Department of Biochemistry, P. O. BOX 30197 Nairobi, Kenya.
3Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Trypanosomiasis Research Centre (TRC), P. O. BOX 362 Kikuyu, Kenya.
4Institute of Primate Research, P. O. BOX 24481 Karen, Kenya.
5Head of HAT diagnostics programme, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, 71 Avenue Louis Casai, PO Box 93 1216 Cointrin, Switzerland.
Accepted 16 May, 2019
Abstract
Biochemical evaluation of plasma during disease conditions gives an indication of the functional status of the various body organs. Biochemical analysis of plasma from 32 vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense revealed at various stages of infection, dramatic increases in blood urea nitrogen, triglycerides, cholesterol and tissue enzymes including creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Serum levels of total protein however showed a decline one week after infection but returned to control levels while creatinine increased then declined to control levels. The changes in total proteins, enzyme levels and albumin indicate severe tissue damage, metabolic abnormality and the development of liver and kidney malfunctions similar to those reported in sleeping sickness patients. This demonstrates that the vervet monkey is a good model to study various aspects of the disease. The changes in total proteins, albumin and triglycerides could also have important implications on the pathogenesis of African trypanosomosis and the effectiveness of treatment.
Key words: Trypanosomes, biochemical changes, monkey model.
Nancy M. K., Ndungu J. M, Ngure R. M, Ngotho J. M4, Maathai R. G and Gateri L. M
Research Article
International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 6 (7), pp. 001-006, July, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effects of morphogenetic and diurnal variability on the hypericin content in St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)
Oya Kaçar*, Erdinç Göksu and Nedime Azkan
Uludag University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Bursa, Turkey.
Accepted 12 June, 2019
Abstract
This research was conducted to investigate effects of morphogenetic and diurnal variability on the hypericin content of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) populations originating from Turkey for maximum utilization of the active substance in plants. During 2002 and 2003, field trials were conducted at Uludag University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Bursa, Turkey. Samples of bud, flower and capsule of H. perforatum L. populations were collected in the second year of cultivation (2003). Factorial arrangements of three H. perforatum L. populations (Bursa, Edirne, Izmir), three part of plant (bud, flower, capsule) and six collection h (8:00, 10:00 a.m; 12:00 (noon), 2:00, 4:00, 6:00 p.m) were evaluated in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Hypericin content (%) in parts of H. perforatum L. populations was determined according to DAC (1986). Consequently, the content of hypericin in the examined populations varied from 0.260% in Bursa to 0.283% in Izmir. Evaluating plant parts revealed that the hypericin content both in floral parts (0.309%) and buds (0.308%) were higher than capsule tissues (0.208%) for all populations. When collection hours were examined for the hypericin content of plants, the highest content was recorded at 10:00 a.m (0.279%) and the lowest value at 4:00 p.m (0.272%) and 6:00 p.m (0.272%). As a result, this study showed that the highest hypericin ratio was determined in flowers and buds generally collected between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m within a day for examined Hypericum populations.
Key words: St. John’s Wort, Hypericum perforatum L., morphogenetic variability, diurnal variability, hypericin content.
Erdinç Göksu and Nedime Azkan, Oya Kaçar*
Research Article
Aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria from gut of red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)
International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 6 (6), pp. 001-006, June, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria from gut of red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)
Mohammad Khiyami* and Essam Alyamani
Natural Resources and Environment Research Institute, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Research Center, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Accepted 11 April, 2019
Abstract
Red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliver is one of the insects that attack date palm trees directly and cause its death. This infection poses serious economical consequences in Saudi Arabia and other gulf countries. RPW assimilates the components of palm tree tissues. Significant amount of microbiota in the gut of RPW may contribute to success of its pathogenesis. This study explored the nature of microbiota in RPW by culture-dependent and molecular-based techniques using PCR and sequencing analysis. Larvae of RPW were fed on an artificial diet and were fixed before opening its gut for microbial cultivation on enrichment media. Pure cultures were obtained after incubating the plates at different atmospheric conditions (aerobic, and strictly anaerobic). The majority of isolated microbiota observed were aerobes and facultative anaerobes (Bacillus sp., Salmonella sp., Enterococcus sp., and Xanthomonas sp.). These qualitative differences of bacteria, suggest the presence of a complex ecosystem in the gut of RPW. Subsequently, bacterial DNAs were extracted from pure cultures for definitive molecular identifications. Hot start-touchdown PCR was performed to amplify regions within 16S rDNA. Amplicons were cloned into the TOPO-TA vector for sequencing. The data reveal to some extent that aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria are more distributed in the gut of RPW.
Key words: 16S rDNA, microbiota, red palm weevil, date-palm.
Essam Alyamani, Mohammad Khiyami*
Research Article
International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 6 (6), pp. 001-004, June, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Oral administration of RAUWOLFIA VOMITORIA extract has no untoward effect on kidney and liver functions in rats
Oyewole, O. I.* and Massaquoi, H. O.
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
Accepted 21 April, 2019
Abstract
The effect of ethanolic extract of leaf and root of RAUWOLFIA VOMITORIA on kidney and liver functions in rats was investigated. Rats were given daily oral administration of ethanolic extracts of either root or leaf of R. VOMITORIA at two different concentrations (1.0 and 2.0 g/kg body weight) for a period of 14 days. Some biochemical parameters in the serum, liver and kidney of the rats were measured and compared with control. There were no significant difference (P<0.05) in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, creatinine, Na+ and K+ in rats treated with the extracts compared with the control. The levels of the enzymes in the liver and kidney of rats that received the extracts were not also significantly different (P<0.05) from the control group. Measurement of organ, body weight ratio did not show any indication of kidney or liver enlargement. These results showed that the extract did not cause derangement of cellular activities in the tissues of the animals. We therefore suggest that administration of ethanolic extract of root and leaf of R. VOMITORIA has no untoward effect on liver and kidney functions in rats.
Key words: Rauwolfia vomitoria, ethanolic extract, liver function, kidney function.
Oyewole , O. I.* and Massaquoi, H. O.