International Journal of Histology and Cytology

International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 13 (1), pp. 001-009, January, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Analysis of Genetic and Environmental Trends in Dairy Cattle Improvement Programs: A Study in the Central Tropical Highlands of Ethiopia

Kefena Effa1, Zewdie Wondatir1, Tadelle Dessie2 and Aynalem Haile3

1Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 2003,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box, 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
3International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas, P. O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria.

Accepted 30 November, 2024

A total of 1979 lactation records from 550 selected crossbred dairy cows that born between 1974 and 2005 were used to estimate annual genetic and environmental trends in milk production and reproduction traits at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia. Annual genetic and environmental trends were estimated by regressing BLUP estimated breeding value on year of birth. Variance components and genetic parameters were estimated using univariate analysis of individual animal model based on restricted maximum likelihood procedures. Annual genetic trends were -3.384 days, - 8.00 kg and -5.96 kg, -0.26 months, -0.29 months and -0.88 days, for lactation length (LL), lactation milk yield (LMY), adjusted 305 milk yield (305-days MY), age at puberty (APU), age at first calving (AFC) and calving interval (CI), respectively. Environmental trends for LMY was positive (6.717 kg) and was in the desired direction. Heritability estimates were 0.14, 0.44, 0.39, 0.38, 0.40 and 0.17 for LL, LMY, 305-d MY, APU, AFC and CI, respectively. Negative genetic trends in all milk production traits reflect ineffective selection program and/or lack of using sires that have positive breeding values. The result from the environmental trends shows substantial improvement in the management practices over time. Contrasting directions in genetic and environmental trends reflect ineffective breeding objectives. This warrants reconsideration of the existing breeding program in the country.

Key words: Genetic trends, environmental trends, genetic parameters, breeding objectives, variance components.
 

International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 13 (1), pp. 001-007, January, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Unveiling Ancient Ecosystems: The Role of Soft-Bodied Metazoans and Microphytofossils in Mesoproterozoic Vindhyan Supergroup

Veeru Kant Singh1*, Rupendra Babu1, Prabhat Kumar2 and Manoj Shukla1†

1Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53-University Road, Lucknow-226007, India.
2Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow-226007, India.

Accepted 24 November, 2024

An assemblage of microbial remains consisting two types of preservations are being recorded for the first time from the phosphoritic chert intercalated in Tirohan Limestone (Rohtas Limestone Formation) of Semri Group, Vindhyan Supergroup, exposed in Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh. The uniquely preserved, cryptic forms are multicellular, bilaterally symmetrical, monoecious, cylindrical elongated coiled body with clitellum and ornamented structures (setae). This assemblage shows possible biomineralized novel post embryonic developmental stages of the juvenile and young forms of the annelids. The dark brown organic-walled microfossils (prokaryote and protists) are sparse, cellularly preserved, distorted, small sized, simple sphaeromorphs. The present explored preliminary results are based on the Mesoproterozoic stray fossils of two bioentities in limited material, and are the authentic key events to consider remarkable potential value in understanding the evolution and divergence of the metazoan in India along with status of Indian subcontinents (geographic position) in geological past of world history. It is a team effort of the earth scientists (geologists, botanist, and zoologist) based on the extinct and extant annelids in present brief communication.

Key words: Soft bodied metazoan, annelid, clitellum, Mesoproterozoic, Tirohan limestone, Vindhyan.
 

International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 13 (1), pp. 001-013, January, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Biochemical and Morphological Changes in Cultured Psammomys obesus Adventitial Fibroblasts

Boumaza S.1*, Neggazi S.1, Hamlat N1., Sahraoui H.1, Berdja S.1, Smail L. 1, Kacimi G.2, Gernigon T.3, Benazzoug Y.4, and Aouichat  Bouguerra S.1

1Laboratory of Cellular and Molécular Physiopathology, Institute of Natural Sciences, University of Technological Sciences, Houari Boumediene, BP 32 DZ-16011 EL ALLIA, Algiers, Algeria.
2Laboratory of Biochemistry of Central Hospital of Army, Algiers, Algeria.
3 Equip of Reproduction of Small Vertebrates, Laboratory of Arid Areas Research, ISN, USTHB, BP 32 DZ-16011 EL
ALLIA, Algiers.
4Laboratory of Biochemistry and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria.

Accepted 2 October, 2024

Oxidative stress causes hypertrophy and apoptosis, which are both implicated in various pathogenesis, particularly in cardiovascular diseases. Within this framework, we chose to analyze certain physiopathological aspects (lipid peroxidation, proliferation, extracellular matrix remodeling, hypertrophy and oncosis conducting the cell to apoptosis) induced by hydrogen peroxide on adventitial fibroblasts in culture of Psammomys obesus. In secondary culture, the fibroblasts were exposed to 1.2 mM of H2O2 during 24 h. The cellular proliferation was evaluated by counting. A morphological and morphometric study was carried out after a coloring of the cells with orange acridine and May Grunwald Giemsa. The quantification of total malonaldehyde, total proteins and total collagens was carried out in the extra and intracellular compartments. The proportioning of NO was carried out by the determination of the concentration of total nitrites. The main results obtained indicated a reduction in cellular proliferation, an oncosis, a compensatory hypertrophy of the fibroblasts, a hypercondensation of chromatin, which is typical of apoptotic cells, an increase in malonaldehyde and nitrite production. Alterations such as a decrease in the production of proteins and total collagens were observed in the extracellular compartment of the cultured fibroblasts. Oxidative stress caused by high amounts of H2O2 induces biochemical deteriorations marked by an overproduction of NO, of malondialdéhyde as well as a reduction in proteins and total collagens. These biochemical disturbances are at the origin of the morphological deteriorations which are responsible for the loss of cellular viability leading to apoptosis.

Key words: Adventitial fibroblasts, oxidative stress, cellular culture, H2O2, apoptosis.
 

International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-009, January, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A quick DNA extraction protocol: Without liquid nitrogen in ambient temperature

Jannatul Ferdous¹*, M M Hanafi¹, Rafii M Y² and Kharidah Muhammad³

¹Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

²Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

³Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Accepted 12 November, 2022

Abstract

Marker assisted selection is an effective technique for quality traits selection in breeding program which are impossible by visual observation. Marker assisted selection in early generation requires rapid DNA extraction protocol for large number of samples in a low cost approach. A rapid and inexpensive DNA extraction protocol has been described for different tissues of color rice and other plant species which contain pigment and polyphenolic compound. This method has been modified from well known cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method where CTAB is used for DNA extraction. This protocol is simple and fast compared to other methods and no liquid nitrogen is required. Only inexpensive chemicals and ordinary laboratory equipments are enough for DNA extraction. The quantity of total genomic DNA from different tissues was almost similar which was extracted from 10 mg samples. The extracted DNA is stable and applicable to marker assisted selection, DNA fingerprinting, quantitative traits loci analysis, screening of transformants and enzymatic digestion.

Key words: Different plant tissues, inexpensive, rice flour, rapid DNA extraction.