ISSN 2756-3839
Research Article
International Journal of Nematology and Entomology Vol. 1 (6), pp. 130-133, December, 2013. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae to the red-legged tick, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi
Marius Hedimbi1*, Godwin P. Kaaya, G.P2, Michael Samish, M3, Galina Gindin3 and Itamar Glazer3
1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia.
2Department of Animal Science, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia.
3ARO, The Volcani Centre, P. O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]. Tel: (+264) (61) 206 3425. Fax: (+264) (61) 206 3791
Accepted 18 November, 2013
Abstract
Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi is an economically-important tick of livestock in Africa mainly due to its ability to transmit Babesia equi to horses, Anaplasma marginale to cattle and to cause paralysis in lambs, adult sheep and calves. This study investigated the pathogenicity and hence the bio-control potential of Metarhizium anisopliae to eggs and all other off-host stages of R. e. evertsi. The eggs and larvae were infected by placing them on filter paper wetted with conidial suspension. Tick instars were infected by dipping in M. anisopliae suspenssion (1×10 3–10 8 conidia/ml) and incubated together with the eggs at 25°C and 100% relative humidity (RH). The m ortality of eggs and all tick stages tested increased with increasing conidial concentration and were higher (P>0.05) in conidia formulated in oil than in those formulated in water. For instance, the LC50 in unfed larvae was 1×10 4 conidia /ml in oil formulation and 1×10 5 conidia /ml in water formulation. No difference was observed in mortality between fed and unfed tick stages.
Key words: Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Metarhizium anisopliae, formulation, mortality, biological control.
Godwin P. Kaaya, Marius Hedimbi, Michael Samish, M , Galina Gindin and Itamar Glazer, G.P
Page: 130 - 133
Research Article
International Journal of Nematology and Entomology Vol. 1 (6), pp. 121-129, December, 2013. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Study of using the bacterium Bacillus thuringiernsis israelensis in microbial control of Musca domestica vicina, Diptera Muscidae (Muscidae, Diptera)
Najlaa, Y. Abozinadah*, Faten, F. Abuldahb, Nawal and S. Al-Haiqi
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].
Accepted 28 November, 2013
Abstract
The second instar larvae of Musca domestica were treated with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, (B.t.i.) at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% under laboratory conditions. Cumulative mortality percentage increased gradually with the increase in B.t.i concentrations and this is represented by straight regression lines indicating homogenity. The LC30 and LC50 were 0.87 and 1.305%, respectively. The tested concentrations indicate significant prolongation in larval duration compared to control. There was an inverse relation between the concentration and pupation percentage and an increase in pupal duration. An insignificant decrease in percentage of adult emergence was observed. Sex ratio was not affected. 2.0% Concentration of B.t.i. caused the greatest reduction in female fecundity (964.5 eggs/female), and the hatchability of eggs also decreased. The pupae and adults appeared malformed when treated with B.t.i. as a 2nd larval instar.
Key words: Housefly, larvicide, bioassay, mortality, LC30, fecundity, fertility, malformation
Nawal and S. Al-Haiqi, Najlaa , Faten , Y. Abozinadah, F. Abuldahb
Page: 121 - 129
Research Article
International Journal of Nematology and Entomology Vol. 1 (6), pp. 117-120, November, 2013. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Pseudomonas fluorescens as an efficient entomopathogen against Oligonychus coffeae Nietner (Acari: Tetranychidae) infesting tea
Amsalingam Roobakkumar1*, Azariah Babu1, Duraikkannu Vasantha Kumar1, Vattakandy Jasin Rahman1 and Soumik Sarkar2
1Division of Entomology, UPASI Tea Research Foundation, Tea Research Institute, Nirar Dam BPO,
Valparai 642 127, India.
2Division of Plant Pathology, UPASI Tea Research Foundation, Tea Research Institute, Nirar Dam BPO, Valparai 642 127, India.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +91 4253-235301, 235303. Fax: +91 4253-235302.
Accepted 28 July, 2013
Abstract
The biocontrol efficacy of the bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens was evaluated against the red spider mite (RSM), Oligonychus coffeae in the laboratory. Both bacterial suspension and extra cellular filtrate of 24, 48 and 72 h old were sprayed to test the efficacy of bacterium against adult mites. The mortality due to P. fluorescens increased as the age and percentage of culture increased. Chitinase activity of P. fluorescens in response to chitin induction was measured in nutrient agar by estimating the amount of reducing sugars liberated. Chitinase activity was higher in 72 h old culture.
Key words: Pseudomonas fluorescens, red spider mite (RSM), tea, biocontrol, chitinase.
Amsalingam Roobakkumar, Vattakandy Jasin Rahman and Soumik Sarkar, Azariah Babu, Duraikkannu Vasantha Kumar
Page: 117 - 120
Research Article
International Journal of Nematology and Entomology Vol. 1 (2), pp. 019-024, July, 2013. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Soil arthropods recovery rates from 5 – 10 cm depth within 5 months period following dichlorov (an organophosphate) pesticide treatment in designated plots in Benin City, Nigeria
B. N. Iloba1 and T. Ekrakene2*
1Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
2Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P. M. B. 1100 Benin City, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].
Accepted 18 June, 2013
Abstract
Soil arthropods recovery rate was monitored for five months (April - August) 2007 to ascertain whether the application of dichlorov (an organophosphate) pesticide, in varying concentration levels of 0 L(control), 0.25 L (low) and 0.75 L (high) per 25 m2 would adversely affect the rate of sampling soil arthropods within a 5 - 10cm depth. Berlese Tullgren Extraction method, sorting and identification of sampled species were adopted and soil physiochemical properties were measured. Insects from eight different groups were consistently sampled. They are members Collembola, Coleoptera, Acarina and Isoptera. Others include Hymenoptera, Myriapoda, Crustaeca and Arachnida. There was an initial decrease in the monthly number of sampled soil arthropods in the treated plots from April to May but increased from June to August. Members of Acarina, Coleoptera and Myriapoda showed the highest fauna abundance while species from Hymenoptera, Crustaeca and Arachnida showed least fauna abundance. Members of Acarina (mites) exhibited the highest recovery rate while Arachnidan species were least. The result revealed that, the mean number of sampled soil arthropods was significantly different (p < 0.05) on the basis of the amount of dichlorov pesticide concentration used compared with the control with high concentration region being the most toxic to the arthropods, hence recording the least number of sampled soil arthropods. On the basis of concentration of applied organophosphate, the soil hydrocarbon content (0.03 - 3.95), soil pH (6.3 - 6.9), soil temperature (25.0 - 29.7°C) and soil moisture (3.2 - 6.9) were not significant (p > 0.05). However, increase in soil moisture from April to August was observed to result in the increase in mean numbers of soil arthropod groups sampled. The implication of this study is that, the depth of 0 - 5 cm mark into the soil litter is not the only arthropod bound zone and soil micro arthropod abundance in the soil is dependent among others on the concentration of pesticide applied. Where application is not indiscriminate, soil micro arthropods have high recovery rate which could enhance high productivity from the soil in the long run.
Key words: Dichlorov, organophosphate pesticide, soil, microarthropod, recovery rate, Benin City.
T. Ekrakene, B. N. Iloba
Page: 19 - 24
Research Article
International Journal of Nematology and Entomology Vol. 1 (5), pp. 083-088, October, 2013. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) in Malaysian tropical rivers: Diversity and seasonality
Suhaila Abdul Hamid* and Che Salmah Md. Rawi
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].
Accepted 23 September, 2013
Abstract
Adult stoneflies (Plecoptera) were light-trapped monthl from January to December 2008 in Tupah River, Kedah, Malaysia. Two families of Plecoptera, Perlidae and Nemouridae were represented with nine species. More Plecoptera was collected in the wet seasons especially for the family Nemouridae. Neoperla asperata was a common species that occurred throughout the year. Neoperla fallax was equally common but this species was absent during early part of the year. The percentage of females was higher than male for all species of Plecoptera collected.
Key words: Upstream river, Plecoptera, season, sex ratio, peninsular Malaysia.
Che Salmah Md. Rawi, Suhaila Abdul Hamid
Page: 83 - 88
Research Article
International Journal of Nematology and Entomology Vol. 1 (5), pp. 089-092, October, 2013.© International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Nematicidal effect of Acacia nilotica and Gymnema sylvestris against second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita
Nighat Sultana1*, Musarrat Akhter2, Muhammad Saleem3 and Yousaf Ali1
1Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories
Complex, Karachi-75280, Pakistan.
2Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR)
Laboratories Complex, Karachi-75280, Pakistan.
3Department of Chemistry, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (92-21) 8141832-35. Fax: (92-21) 8141847.
Accepted 23 September, 2013
Abstract
The nematicidal effect of different extracts of Acacia nilotica leaves/seeds and Gymnema sylvestre leaves were tested against Meloidogyne incognita larvae at the concentrations of 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125%, up to three days. All extracts showed nematicidal mortality. Nematicidal mortality was 100% with the use of 1% concentration of leaves ethyl alcohol extract of G. sylvestre and ethyl acetate leaves extracts of A. nilotica after 2 days. Qualitative analysis of the phytochemicals of alcohol extracts revealed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, triterpene saponins belonging to oleanane and dammarene, phytosterols, phenols, flavonoids and tannins in all the plants. Quantitative analysis showed that, the crude saponin was the major phytochemical constituent present in highest percentage followed by crude oleanane and dammarene triterpene acids in both of two plants. It is suggested that both of these two plants possess nematicidal properties that could be developed and used as natural nematicides for nematode control.
Key words: Acacia nilotica, nematicidal activity, ellagic acid, oleanolic acid 3-glycosides, quercetin 3-glycosides, 3,19-dihydroxy-12-ursen-28-oic acid.
Musarrat Akhter, Nighat Sultana, Muhammad Saleem and Yousaf Ali
Page: 89 - 92