African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production

African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production ISSN 2375-1258 Vol. 12 (1), pp. 001-006, January, 2024. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Assessment of Yak (Bos grunniens) milking efficiency in China: A preliminary study

Shikui Dong^1*, Ruijun Long², Muyi Kang³

¹Environmental School, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.

²Agro-pastoral College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China.

³College Institute of Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.

Accepted 16 October, 2023

Abstract

Yak milk plays a very important role in Tibetan’s daily life. Milk and milk products are the major dietary ingredients as well as family incomes of Tibetan herders in China. Yak milk yield and composition are seasonal and affected by the breed, age, parity and body condition of cow, pasture growth and quality, milking time, milking methods and environmental factors. In this paper, milk production and composition of different breeds are documented, and effects of feeding level, milking time, milking method, environmental factors on milking performance are discussed. It is found that Batang yak from Qinghai Province peaks and Jiali yak from Tibet Autonomous Region bottoms milk production, with 487. 2 and 147.6 kg fresh milk per lactation respectively. Comparatively, milk of Jiulong yak and Sibu yak has higher dry matter and fat contents, and milk of Tianzhu White yak contains more protein and lactose. Winter supplementation on dams can improve calf production and milk yield of mother yaks in the following warm season. Compared with once-a-day milking, twice-a-day milking stimulates yak female to give about one third more milk, which, however negatively affect the growth of calves. Yak produces less milk at too high temperature with strong solar radiation on clear days, but more milk within short periods of cloudy or rainy time.

Key words: China; yak, breeds, milk performance.

African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production ISSN 2375-1258 Vol. 11 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Association between milk protein polymorphism and milk production traits in Black and White dairy cattle in Turkey

Eser Kemal Gurcan

Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Faculty, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, 59030, Turkey. E-mail:[email protected].

Accepted 7 January, 2023

Abstract

Milk protein polymorphism such as α_s1-casein (α_s1-Cn), β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), β-casein (β-Cn) and κ-casein (κ-Cn) of Black and White dairy cattle were investigated in this study. The genetic structure of herd was examined for these loci. At the sametime the relationships between milk protein types and some milk production traits were determined. Milk production traits were chosen as milk yield, average daily milk yield and lactation length. These traits were associated with milk protein types. Genetic variants of milk protein were identified by starch gel electrophoresis containing mercaptoethanol and urea. The allele gene frequencies of A, B, and C of α_s1-Cn loci and A, B of β-Cn were found to be 0.01; 0.97; 0.02 and 0.95; 0.05 respectively. Furthermore, the allele frequencies of A, B of κ-Cn and A, B of β-Lg were found to be 0.68; 0.32 and 0.55; 0.45 respectively. For α_s1-Cn BB phenotype was found to have higher milk yield than those of α_s1-Cn AB and α_s1-Cn BC phenotypes, and β-Lg AA phenotype was detected to have higher milk yield than those of β-Lg AB and β-Lg BB types but were not statistically important. It was concluded that the genetic structure of the four loci were determined in Black and White cattle, but there was no significant association between the milk protein types and milk production traits in the study.

Key words: Milk protein polymorphism, casein, lactoglobulin, Black and White dairy cattle.

African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production ISSN 2375-1258 Vol. 11 (1), pp. 001-010, January, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of a low dose of BCG-Phipps vaccine on the development of reactivity to tuberculin skin test in neonatal calves and adult cows

Lizzet Corona-Gómez¹, Laura Jaramillo-Meza¹, Rafael Pérez-González², Fernando Diosdado-Vargas², Julio Santiago-Cruz^{3, 4}, Clara I Espitia-Pinzón⁵, Ricardo Lascurain⁶ and Fernando Díaz-Otero^1*

¹Departamento de Inmunología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Microbiología Animal, INIFAP, Toluca, Mexico.

²Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México City, Mexico.

³Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México City, Mexico.

⁴Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico.

⁵Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México City, Mexico.

⁶Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México City, Mexico. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +52(55)38718700, Ext. 80315.

Accepted 12 September, 2022

Abstract

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) has a direct impact in the productive and reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle. Nowadays, disease control programs based on tuberculin testing and removal of infected cattle are unaffordable for the developing countries, since there is no program of financial compensation, especially in high bTB-prevalence herds. Thus, control strategies based on vaccination are considered the best alternative. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a low dose of BCG-Phipps vaccine induces reactivity to tuberculin skin test and its duration in neonatal calves and adult cows. For the analysis of the former, 69 TB-free Holstein-Friesian calves less than one-month old were used; of which, 54 calves were subcutaneously inoculated with 10⁴ CFU of the BCG-Phipps vaccine, while the rest remained without vaccination. Under similar conditions of immunization, 133 single intradermal comparative cervical (SICCT) reactors and 133 non-reactors Holstein-Friesian cows of different age were also analyzed. In calves, the SICCT-reactivity was evaluated periodically in the first 14 months post-vaccination (mpv) while, in adult cows, the effect of vaccination on the test was evaluated at six months post-vaccination. A comparative ELISA was used by measuring the antibody levels in the groups. In calves, reactivity frequencies of 7.4 and 3.7% at 3 and 5 mpv, respectively were recorded. This reactivity disappeared at six months. None calves in the control group were reactor during the study. There were no variations in the degree of reactivity in the group adult reactor cows. However, in the non-reactor group, a conversion of 12.8% at six mpv was recorded. In addition, the conversion percentage was higher in older cows than in younger cows (p<0.05). The specific antibody levels did not increase in the vaccinated groups. Data indicate that the low dose of BCG-Phipps vaccine used had a reduced effect on the development of a delayed type hypersensitivity to tuberculin in neonatal calves, and heifers lesser than one-year-old.

Key words: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, bovine tuberculosis, M. bovis, single intradermal comparative tuberculin test.

African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production ISSN 2375-1258 Vol. 11 (1), pp. 001-011, January, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence, risk factors and multidrug resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in selected dairy farms in and around Asella town, Arsi Zone, South Eastern Ethiopia

Kemal Kedir Elemo^1*, Tesfaye Sisay², Ashanafi Shiferaw² and Muhammadhussien Aman Fato³

¹College of Agriculture and natural resources, Animal and Range Sciences Course Team, Madda Walabu University, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia.

²College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.

³Bale Zone Live Stock and Fishery Development Office, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +251934771251.

Accepted 17 September, 2022

Abstract

A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2012 - May 2013 to estimate the prevalence of multi drug resistance Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis and to assess its associated risk factors in selected dairy farms in and around Asella town, Arsi Zone, Ethiopia. A total of 384 fresh raw milk samples from dairy cows were examined for mastitis. Milk samples collected from 251 mastitic lactating cows were subjected to bacteriological examinations for isolation and identification of S. aureus. S. aureus isolates were identified from 44.62% (112/251) mastitic milk samples. Higher prevalence rates of S. aureus isolates were recorded in subclinical mastitis (45.78%, 103/225) compared to clinical cases (34.62%, 9/26), however, no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in prevalence of S. aureus between subclinical mastitis and clinical cases. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the effect of different risk factors on the prevalence of S. aureus revealed that; cross breed (OR = 2.501, 95%CI: 1.173 - 5.334), late stage of lactation (OR = 4.260, 95%CI: 1.9309.402), previous mastitis record (OR = 2.553, 95%CI: 1.3324.894), large sized herd (OR = 15.824, 95%CI: 6.36839.320) and poor udder hygiene (OR = 2.040, 95%CI: 1.184,3.514) were more likely to be infected with antimicrobial resistance S. aureus. All the isolates of S. aureus were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The highest rate of susceptibility was to chloramphenicol (97.5%) followed by gentamycin (95.3%), vancomycin (92.7%), and clindamycin (90.9%). Whereas, the highest rate of resistance among the isolates was against penicillin G (87.3%) followed by tetracycline (82.2%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (69.1%), oxacillin (56.4%), ampicillin (55.1%) and cefoxitin (58.1%). The results of the present study reveal that 65.18% of the isolates were found to be multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Regular antimicrobial sensitivity testing and best practices for achieving hygienic milking should be established.

Key words: Milk, bovine mastitis, multidrug resistance, prevalence, risk factors, Staphylococcus aureus, Assella.

African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production ISSN 2375-1258 Vol. 10 (4), pp. 001-005, April, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Use of a homeopathic complex against Haematobia irritans infestation in dairy cattle, Paraná, Brazil

Luiz Antônio Branco¹, Ranulfo Piau júnior^1*, André Felipe Berto de Almada¹, Jessé Lahos Borges¹, Luiz Henrique Garcia Abreu¹, Giani Lourenço Augusto¹, Zilda Cristiani Gazim¹, Jhordão Resende Pazianoti¹, Mateus Dias Sitko¹ and Bruna Caroline Nunes¹

Departament of Veterinary, Universidade Paranaense – Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, 4282, 87502-210, Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 18 October, 2021

Abstract

Horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (Linnaeus), is an ectoparasite that feeds exclusively on the host’s blood, preferably cattle, whose biological cycle occurs in its feces. This insect is scattered throughout Brazil in areas favorable to its development and also in other South American countries. The insect remains most of the day time on the animal. The adult fly can live 3 to 7 weeks. At high infestation rates, skin lesions may occur, predisposing the animal to bacterial infections. Biting activity is one of the harmful aspects of this fly; the painful bites cause irritation and stress in animals, impairing their development, milk production, reproductive activities, etc. Homeopathy is among some alternatives for parasite control aimed to seek means to control the major internal and external parasites in cattle, which are more efficient and less aggressive to animals and the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a homeopathic complex in 14 one-year-old Holstein heifers divided into two groups infested with H. irritans in a period of 60 days. There were statistically significant differences between groups in the number of horn flies on day 45 of the experiment, and the number of horn flies decreased in animals treated with the homeopathic complex. There were no significant differences between groups regarding hematocrit (%), total protein (g/dL), albumin (g/dL), and globulins (g/dL). The parasitic homeopathic complex proved to be effective against horn flies, with 64.7% reduction of these flies in animals at 45 days of experiment in treatment group animals.

Key words: Heifers, hematocrit, homeopathy, horn fly.

African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production ISSN 2375-1258 Vol. 10 (3), pp. 001-005, March, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in dry season on dairy cattle at Holeta Agricultural Research Center Dairy Farm, Ethiopia

Temesgen Kassa Getahun*, Tamirat Siyoum, Aster Yohannes and Melese Eshete

Ethiopian institute of Agricultural research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 31, Holeta, Ethiopia. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].    .

Accepted 19 October, 2021

Abstract

A cross sectional study was carried out in Holeta Agricultural Research Center Dairy Farm, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia to determine the status of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites on dairy cattle, reveal the level of severity of GI parasites on the basis of mean egg per gram of faces (epg) count through McMaster technique and identify the different gastrointestinal parasites dominated by flotation and sedimentation techniques. A total of 206 faecal samples were collected from purposively selected cows, bulls and heifers. The overall prevalence of GI parasites was found to be 87.9%. The average epg was found to be 179.8, indicating light level of parasite infection. The sex-wise prevalence revealed 85.0 and 15.0% in female and male animals, respectively. The qualitative faecal examination techniques, showed a prevalence of coccidia (56.3%), Fasciola spp. (26.2%), Paramphistomum spp. (10.2%), Bunostomum spp. (8.7%), Oesophagostomum spp. (8.3%), and Tricuris spp. (1.5%). With statistically significant difference (p<0.05), the prevalence was higher in milking cow (28.72%) than the rest of the animal categories and the lowest prevalence was observed on dry cow (12.15%). There was concurrent infection with two and more than two different GIT parasites with respective prevalence of 38.3 and 25.2%. The finding of the present study clearly suggests that GI parasites were higher in the farm with low severity, which contributes reduction in productivity. Hence, further and strengthened parasite control intervention is highly recommended taking into account the seasonality of parasite burden.

Key words: Animal category, breeds, epg, faeces, GI parasites, prevalence, Holeta