African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production

African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production ISSN 2375-1258 Vol. 6 (10), pp. 001-011, October, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparative morphology, palynology and anatomy of five astraceous species from Pakistan

Sohail Jamil Qureshi¹, Mir Ajab Khan² and Maqsood Ahmad³

¹Pakistan Islamia Institute AlAin, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, P. O. Box # 15778.

²Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.

³Physics Division, PINSTECH, P.O. Nilore Islamabad, Pakistan.

Accepted 05 August, 2019

Abstract

In this study, Scorzonera L. (Asteraceae) collected from Pakistan was investigated by its morphology, leaf epidermal anatomy and pollen grain characteristics. Scorzonera is a perennial herb growing in wet nutrient-poor grasslands and wet heathlands. The stem texture is glabrous in Scorzonera ammophila, Scorzonera picridioides and Scorzonera virgata while tomentose in Scorzonera hondae and terete with fine striate above in Scorzonera laciniata. The bifacial leaves had anomotetracytic, amphianisocytic, brachyparacytic and staurocytic stomata. The pollen morphology results indicate that pollen grains in Scorzonera were lophate. Based on sculpturing, all pollens were echinate in Scorzonera. The pollen class was trizonocolporate in all taxa.

Key words: Morphology, palynology, anatomy, Scorzonera L., scanning electron micrographs, Pakistan.

African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production ISSN 2375-1258 Vol. 6 (9), pp. 001-007, September, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of feeding crop residues of different cereals and legumes on weight gain of Yankassa rams

B. B. Singh^1,4, A. Musa², H. A. Ajeigbe¹* and S. A. Tarawali³

¹International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kano Station, P. M. B. 3112, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road Kano, Nigeria.

²International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), IITA Kano Station, Kano, Nigeria.

³International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

⁴Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.

Accepted 22 April, 2019

Abstract

Crop residues from maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum), cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are important livestock feed in the West African savannas particularly during the long dry season. The residues from cereal crops are relatively in abundance, but of low nutritive value compared to the leguminous crop residues, which are normally in short supply. This experiment was conducted to determine the most efficient combinations of feeding crop residues of major cereals and legumes with and without bran supplement to ‘Yankassa’ rams in confinement over a 70-day period and their effect on weight gains. Feeding the residues of cereals alone resulted in a mean weight loss of 14% for sorghum, 16% for maize and 11% for millet, while feeding the residues of cowpea or groundnut alone resulted in the weight gain of about 13 and 12%, respectively. Supplementing the cereals residues with about 300 g of legume residues per ram per day resulted in slight gain in weight. Addition of 300 g wheat bran and 300 g legume residues to the cereals in the daily diets of each ram resulted in about 19% mean weight gain. Thus, bran showed a small but significant additive effect on weight gain. From the 1.5 kg cereals or legumes residues offered per ram per day, the rams ate about 50% of cereals and 82% of the legumes. Thus, the cereals residues are not only less nutritious, but also less consumable compared to the legumes.

Key word: Cowpea, crop residues, groundnut, livestock feeding, maize, millet, sorghum.

African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production ISSN 2375-1258 Vol. 6 (9), pp. 001-009, September, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of high forage oxalate and calcium consumption on goat urine characteristics

Julie Ann Luiz Adrian¹* and Norman Q. Arancon²

¹College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720, USA.

²College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource Management, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720, USA.

Accepted 20 January, 2019

Abstract

Goat production in Hawaii has grown steadily in the past decade and this growth necessitated a more controlled diet to sustain production. Local goat pastures on the Big Island, Hawaii, are dominated by Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), yellow foxtail (Seteria glauca L.), and guava trees (Psidium guajava L.). These plants contain compounds such as calcium and oxalates that could have detrimental effects on growth and development of goats when consumed in large quantities. This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of grazing Napier grass and yellow foxtail with and without added guava tree parts using two groups of 14 female goats (Capra hircus L.) crossbred between Boer, Spanish, and Kiko breeds by analysis of some urine characteristics such as color, turbidity, specific gravity, pH, presence of bacteria, fungi, casts, as well as concentrations of nitrite, blood, urobilinogen, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, red blood cells, and white blood cells. Urinalyses were performed on four sampling periods over three months. All variables were subjected to Repeated Measures in General Linear Models and correlation analysis using SAS. Urinalysis results were similar for both the groups. Urine protein levels of the (-) guava group, however, were higher, but not statistically different than those of the (+) guava group; significant interactions existed with some of the variables with time. The increased concentrations of calcium or oxalates in guava tree bark, Napier grass, and yellow foxtail may cause calculogenic minerals to accumulate, over longer periods of grazing, causing uroliths with a calcium and (or) oxalate base in male goats. This could result in penile obstruction in male goats.

Key words: Capra hircus, goat, guava, Napier grass, Pennisetum purpureum, Psidium guajava, Seteria glauca, urinalysis, yellow foxtail.

African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production ISSN 2375-1258 Vol. 6 (9), pp. 001-010, September, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Dietary fibers as functional ingredients in meat products and their role in human health

A. K. Biswas*, V. Kumar, S. Bhosle, J. Sahoo and M. K. Chatli

Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, PAU Campus, Ludhiana- 141 004 (Punjab), India.

Accepted 10 April, 2019

Abstract

The article evaluates the effect of dietary fibers as functional ingredient in meat products and their physiological role in human health. Fibers are naturally occurring compounds present in variety of vegetables, fruits, cereal flours etc in abundance, and act through their solubility, viscosity, gel forming ability, water-binding capacity, oil adsorption capacity, fermentability, and mineral and organic molecule binding capacity which affect product quality and characteristics. Beside these, high-fiber intake tends to reduce risk of colon cancer, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and several other disorders. Moreover, based on their physiochemical properties, many fibers can help to improve colour, texture and sensorial characteristics instead of nutritional benefits. Fiber inclusions could help in diminution of calorie content in foods.

Key words: Dietary fiber, functional food, colour, texture, health