International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health

International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 7 (5), pp. 032-040, May, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence of bovine leukemia virus in Colombian cattle as well as the tools to prevent and control it

Pablo Juan Uribe¹*, Fanny Ingrid Juanes², Álvaro K. Greiff², Carlos Lopez³, Manolo G. Pombo⁴

¹Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria – CORPOICA, Km 14 Vía Mosquera – Bogotá, Colombia.

²Empresa Colombiana de Productos Veterinarios – VECOL, Av. El dorado 82 – 93, Bogotá-Colombia.

³Laboratorio ZOOLAB, Carrera 73 No. 53-04 Bogotá – Colombia.

⁴Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cra 7 # 43 82 Ed 50, Bogotá – Colombia

Email: [email protected]

Accepted 15 April, 2016

Abstract

An epidemiological study was conducted to establish the prevalence of the Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) in Colombia and to describe risk and protecting factors associated with this infection disease. The study was performed with an observational descriptive cross-sectional process in twelve Colombian regions, by collecting blood samples from 8150 bovines in 390 cattle farms between February and September 2014. The seroprevalence obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests was 42.7% in animals and 67.7% in farms. The highest seroprevalence was found in Villavicencio with 91% in animals. The infection with blood parasites and another virus was attributed to be among the main risk factors associated to BLV. The use of individual needles during veterinary procedures was found to be the main source of protection against the virus. Climate data and ecological groups were recorded at sampling sites in order to elaborate geo-referencing maps by using analyzes of viral distribution around the country. Results obtained showed that there is a probability of an increase on the incidence of this pathology as well as a predictive issue associated with places and climate variables. It was found that developing epidemiological analyzes aiming to report and monitor the presence of this disease and its risk factors is the only alternative to generate prevention and control strategies.

Key words: Ecological groups, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), Colombia, enzootic bovine leucosis.

International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 7 (4), pp. 024-031, April, 2016. © International Scholars Journals 

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluation of the effectiveness of four commonly used vaccines in Nigeria

Atahiru Huosman^1*, Francis E. Obi², Ahmed O. Mohammed³ and Mohammed Dansuki³ 

¹College of Agriculture and Animal Sciences Division of Agricultural Colleges, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

²Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

³National Animal Production and Research Institute, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 23 March, 2016

Abstract 

A potency trial was conducted to evaluate the potency of four commonly used infectious bursal disease (IBD) live vaccines to determine the most appropriate vaccination response to establish the most appropriate vaccination programme against IBD in Nigeria. A total of 700 day old cockerels were randomly divided into six groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Groups 1 to 4 were the vaccination cockerels while Groups 5 and 6 were the positive and negative controls. The chicks were sub divided into five groups A, B, C, D and E representing the different schedules that is, 1 and 3 weeks, 2 and 4 weeks, 3 and 5, 1, 3 and 5, 2, 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. After each vaccination, the chicks were observed for clinical signs of IBD. Two weeks after each vaccination, chicks were challenged with IBD virus, onset of clinical signs, morbidity and mortality rates were observed. Sample of bursa was collected from 5 birds at 3 and 7 days post challenge from dead as well as necropsied birds. The lesions were scored on the scale of 0 to 5 (mild to severe). Vaccine 3 appeared to be the best with the mean of 1.8 for gross lesions, 1.2 for histo-pathological lesions, 0.6 for clinical signs, 0.6 for mortality, 0.2 for antibody titre and 1.8 for bursal body weight ratio. Schedule A (vaccination at 1 and 3 weeks) also was the best for all the vaccines. Therefore, Nigerian poultry farmers are advised base on the aforementioned result to use vaccine 3 and schedule A in the control the outbreaks of IBD.

Key words: Cockerels chicks, live Infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines, potency, vaccination schedule, vaccination strategies.

International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health  Vol. 7 (2), pp. 006-013, February, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Management of disease and biosecurity measures of small scale commercial poultry farms in and around Debre Markos Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Ejegayehu O. Isaac¹*, Liya J. Ephraim² and Mamo Wolde Astatke²

¹Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.

²Department of Animal Production Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

E-mail: [email protected] 

Accepted 13 January, 2016

Abstract

This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess disease management and biosecurity measures of small scale commercial poultry farms by structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data was analysed by χ2 and t-test, one way analysis of variance and general linear model by SPSS software. The result shown that, only 38.8% of the producers’ suspects Coccidiosis was the frequently occurred disease in the farm. Some of the producers (30.6%) suspect the cause of the disease might be environmental problem, 24.5% management problem, and 12.2% both environment and management. The most leading symptoms of diseases that occurred in the study area were ruffled feather (15.5%), loss of appetite (15.1%), depression (12.6%), diarrhoea (9.7%), and others. About 79.6% of the farms had close relation with the veterinarian and consult about disease management. Only 12.2% of the farms vaccinate NCD, 49% NCD and Gumboro, 28.6% NCD, Gumboro and fowlbox and the rest 10.1% vaccinate their chicks for NCD, Gumboro, fowlbox, Fowl cholera/typhoid and Marix disease. Biosecurity measures were very crucial in the poultry farms. About 63.3% of the producers dressed on protective cloth (tuta), only 8.2% of the producers wear hand gloves. About 77.6% of the producers used the foot path in front of their farm entrance. Prevention and treatments were the major mechanisms for controlling measure of disease and the mortality percentage of chicks was only 4.7%. From this study, it could be concluded that better disease management and biosecurity measures are required to attain better poultry production 

Key words: Biosecurity, disease, mortality rate, symptoms, vaccination.

International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 7 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Dissolution of canine uroliths by Moringha root extracts using various aqueous and organic solvents

Micheal Gates Jordan^1*, Benjamin Disney², Elvis Ford Amstrong³ and Lious John Luther ¹

¹Waterloo Research Campus, Centre, Biosciences, Agriculture, and Food Technology, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago.

²Georgia University and State College, Milledgeville, Georgia, USA.

³Monroe College, New Rochelle, NY, USA.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 15 November, 2015

Abstract 

Urolithiasis is a common disorder of humans and animals. The surgical intervention to correct the condition is expensive and alternative cheaper botanical treatments should be explored. Various botanicals have been shown in vitro not only to dissolute, but also inhibit orolith accretions. In this study the in-vitro efficacy, anti-urolithiatic potential and dissolution rate of aqueous and ethanol, chloroform, and ether extracts of Moringa oliefera roots on canine uroliths was investigated without simulation of in vivo experimentation. In the aqueous extract an average dissolution of calcium oxalate (CaO_x) was 77%. The rate of dissolution of the Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) increased linearly. However, ethanol and chloroform extracts increased both the rates of dissolution by weight and surface area linearly. The oral use aqueous extracts is considered a safe measure in treating various clinical conditions including urolithiais in humans and animals. The dissolution rates of ortholiths in organic solvents are probably associated with the presence of organic compounds unique to the Moringa family. The potential of using moringha extracts may prove to be an ethno-veterinary practice to address urolithiasis in animals.

Key words: Anti-urolithiatic, Moringa oliefera, dissolution rate, aqueous extract, magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP), calcium oxalate (CaO_x)

International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 6 (3), pp. 001-008, March, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Potentials of essential oils and plant extracts as bio-antimicrobials on Gram-negative indicator bacterial pathogens of poultry origin

Ogunshe, Adenike A. O.¹* Emikpe, B. O.² Olayiwola, J. O.³ and Adeyeri, S. O.³

¹Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Applied Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

²Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

³Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Accepted 21 November, 2014

Abstract

Increasing antibiotic resistance of veterinary importance is of global health significance and concerns, due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria originating from animals; therefore, easily obtainable and cheap alternatives to antibiotic use in prophylaxis and also as growth promoters are imperative. Antibiotic resistance of 73 and 51 gram-negative, indicator bacterial strains isolated from 68 crop and 51 gizzard contents of layer hens respectively, and identified as Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio species were determined. The bacterial flora exhibited in vitro resistance to one or more antibiotics but the most generally resisted antibiotics (discs) were amoxycillin (66.7 to 100%; 71.4 to 100%), augmentin (64.3 to 100%; 50.0 to 100%), cotrimoxazole (42.6 to 100%; 42.1 to 100%), nitrofurantoin (32.1 to 66.7%; 25.0 to 100%) and tetracycline (36.4 to 60.0%; 42.1 to 100%) respectively; while 31 different antibiotic resistant patterns were recorded. Essential oils of Eugenia aromatica (90.9 to 100%), Ageratum (27.3 to 100%), Chrysophyllum albidum juice (22.2 to 100%), lactic acid (100%), acetic acid (72.7 to 100%) and carvone (33.3 to 100%) were however, inhibitory towards the multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This study is the first to conclude that essential oils of Ageratum, Eugenia, Anacardium, as well as carvone, Chrysophyllum albidum juice, lactic and acetic acids can serve as easily-produced, natural bio-antibacterial agents of poultry importance instead of antibiotics, in Nigeria.

Key words: Antimicrobial resistance, avian health, essential oils, veterinary public health, zoonosis.