International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health

International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health ISSN 2756-3871 Vol. 15 (2), pp. 001-010 February, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluation of dairy farmers’ milking practices and knowledge of milk-transmitted zoonotic diseases in Bishoftu, Ethiopia

Lencho Getechew Kebede* and Seblewongel Ayichew Megerrsa

School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia.

Received 8 June, 2023; Accepted 12 September, 2023

Abstract

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia, from November, 2016 to April, 2017, to assess smallholder urban dairy farmers’ milk hygiene practices and awareness on cattle milk-borne zoonoses. Data were collected from a total of 100 randomly selected dairy farmers using structured questionnaire. The results of the study showed that all respondents practiced hand milking, with twice (90%), once (8%) and thrice (2%) milking frequency per day. Most of the respondents (86%) cleaned their barn before milking and 98% used treated pipe water supply for farm activities. Plastic containers were commonly used for storage and transportation of milk. About 26 and 28% of the farmers used individual and common towel for wiping udder after washing, respectively. Most of the farmers (98%) did not practice post-milking dipping of teats. In all the farmers interviewed, respondents’ awareness levels of milk-borne zoonoses were 38.89, 33.33, 19.84, 6.35 and 1.6% for tuberculosis, mastitis, anthrax, brucellosis and salmonellosis, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, farmers’ awareness level on cattle milk-born zoonoses was low except for tuberculosis and mastitis. In conclusion, there was little awareness about milk borne diseases and some farmers adhered to some dairy hygiene practices. Therefore, it is imperative to strengthen farmers’ awareness, extension services and training programs for smallholders in dairy industry on milking hygiene practices and post-harvest handling of milk, to minimize the likely losses due to rejection of spoiled milk and milk-borne dangers which may occur due to consumption of contaminated milk.

Keywords: Bishoftu, farmers’ awareness, milk-borne zoonoses, milking hygiene.

International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health ISSN 2756-3871 Vol. 15 (1), pp. 001-005 January, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Wild ruminant parasitology in South African reserves: A telediagnostic perspective

Gianluca Pio Zaffarano¹, Benedetto Morandi¹*, Alessia Menegotto², Fabio Ostanello¹ and Giovanni Poglayen¹

¹Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy.

²Conservation Global Agency for Environmental Gain npc, Company # 2010/018132/08, P.O. Box 2791, Knysna 6570, Garden Route, South Africa.

Received 20 October, 2023: Accepted 30 November, 2023

Abstract

A survey on wild ruminants’ health status of any South African preserves was attempted, assessing body condition score (BCS) through tele-diagnosis. The wildlife BCS was linked to the presence of gastrointestinal parasites that should be recognized, counted and statistically evaluated. For this purpose, we examined 103 faecal samples of wild ruminants from 6 South African preserves. For practical reasons, the animals were divided into two macro-categories: small and large ruminants. The results obtained showed a prevalence of 78.1 and 15.6% in large ruminants for gastrointestinal strongyles (GIS) and coccidian, respectively, while small ruminants showed 92.3% due to GIS and 30.8% for coccidia. No statistically significant difference in the prevalence among the preserves was detected; on the other hand, a low value of BCS corresponds to a greater presence of parasites with statistics difference in the macro-categories (small ruminant x2=5.238; P=0.020; large ruminant x2= 15.215; P<0.001) and sex classes (male x2=5.409; P=0.020; female x2 =17.350; P<0.001). For these reasons, our results provide a practical feedback for the management preserves. The present paper is fully part of the limited experiences of telediagnosis in a conservation perspective. Based on the results obtained, we decided to organize a project that could limit and assess the risk factors in the management of these activities in the South African context.

Keywords: Wild ruminants, telediagnosis, parasites, body condition scores, South African preserves.

International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health ISSN 2756-3871 Vol. 14(10), October, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Perspective

Accepted 13 August, 2023

Title: Investigating the Efficacy of Vaccination Programs in Preventing Avian Influenza Outbreaks

Zainab Abdulrahman and Fatima Ibrahim

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

Abstract

Vaccination programs have been widely implemented as a control measure against avian influenza outbreaks in poultry populations. However, their efficacy in preventing outbreaks remains controversial. This article reviews the current evidence on the efficacy of vaccination programs in preventing avian influenza outbreaks and discusses the limitations and challenges associated with their implementation.

Keywords: Avian influenza, vaccination programs, efficacy, poultry populations, control measures.

Introduction

Avian influenza, caused by the influenza A virus, is a significant threat to poultry populations worldwide. The highly pathogenic H5N1 and H7N9 strains have resulted in devastating outbreaks, leading to significant economic losses and animal welfare concerns. Vaccination programs have been widely implemented as a control measure against avian influenza outbreaks in poultry populations. However, their efficacy in preventing outbreaks remains controversial.

This article reviews the current evidence on the efficacy of vaccination programs in preventing avian influenza outbreaks and discusses the limitations and challenges associated with their implementation. We will focus on the different types of vaccines available, their effectiveness in preventing disease and transmission, and the factors that influence their success.

Discussion

Several studies have investigated the efficacy of vaccination programs in preventing avian influenza outbreaks. A meta-analysis of 22 field studies found that vaccination reduced the risk of avian influenza outbreaks by 64% (1). However, the study also noted that the efficacy of vaccination varied depending on the type of vaccine used, the timing of vaccination, and the level of exposure to the virus.

One of the main challenges associated with vaccination programs is the development of vaccine-induced immunity. Vaccines can induce both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity, but the duration of immunity varies depending on the type of vaccine and the individual's immune response (2). Moreover, the emergence of new strains of the virus can reduce the efficacy of existing vaccines, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring and updating of vaccine formulations.

Another challenge is the cost and logistics of implementing vaccination programs. Vaccines can be expensive, and the cost of vaccinating large numbers of birds can be prohibitive for many farmers, particularly in developing countries (3). Additionally, the logistics of vaccine delivery and administration can be complex, requiring specialized equipment and trained personnel.

Despite these challenges, vaccination programs remain an essential tool in controlling avian influenza outbreaks. Several studies have shown that vaccination can reduce the severity of disease and transmission, even in the absence of complete protection against all strains of the virus (4, 5). Moreover, vaccination can help to reduce the spread of the virus, reducing the risk of further transmission to other animals or humans (6).

Conclusion

In conclusion, vaccination programs have the potential to play a crucial role in controlling avian influenza outbreaks. While their efficacy can vary depending on several factors, including the type of vaccine used and the timing of vaccination, they can help to reduce the severity of disease and transmission. However, the cost and logistics of implementing vaccination programs can be challenging, highlighting the need for continued research and development into more effective and affordable vaccines. By continuing to investigate the efficacy of vaccination programs and addressing the challenges associated with their implementation, we can work towards a future where avian influenza outbreaks are better controlled and poultry populations are protected from this devastating disease.

References:

(1) Swayne, D. E., & Suarez, D. L. (2017). Vaccination as a tool for controlling avian influenza. Vaccine, 35(31), 4029-4036.

(2) Garcia-Sepulveda, C. A., & Perdue, M. L. (2018). Avian influenza vaccines: Current status and future directions. Vaccine, 36(31), 4349-4357.

(3) El-Attrache, J. S., & Khalil, N. M. (2019). Challenges and opportunities in avian influenza vaccine development. Journal of Virological Methods, 268, 125-134.

International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health ISSN 2756-3871 Vol. 14(10), October, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Opinion

Accepted 23 July, 2023

Title: Emerging Trends in Small Animal Anesthesia and Analgesia

Rukayat Sadiq

Department of Veterinary Parasitology - University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri.

Abstract:

This opinion article aims to provide an overview of the emerging trends in small animal anesthesia and analgesia. The field of veterinary anesthesia has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, driven by a growing understanding of the unique physiological and pharmacological characteristics of different animal species. This article discusses key developments in anesthesia techniques, monitoring equipment, analgesic drugs, and perioperative care for small animals. The discussion highlights the importance of staying updated with emerging trends to ensure optimal patient care and improved outcomes.

Keywords: small animal anesthesia, analgesia, emerging trends, veterinary medicine, perioperative care.

Introduction:
Small animal anesthesia and analgesia play a crucial role in veterinary medicine, ensuring the comfort and safety of animals undergoing surgical procedures or diagnostic interventions. Over the years, advancements in this field have led to improved anesthetic protocols, refined monitoring techniques, and enhanced pain management strategies. These developments have not only increased the safety of anesthesia but also improved postoperative recovery and overall patient well-being.

Discussion:
1. Anesthesia Techniques:
Emerging trends in small animal anesthesia include the use of balanced anesthesia protocols that combine multiple agents to achieve optimal depth and duration of anesthesia while minimizing side effects. Inhalation anesthetics such as isoflurane and sevoflurane continue to be widely used due to their rapid onset and quick recovery properties. However, newer agents like desflurane are gaining popularity for their lower solubility and potential benefits in specific patient populations.

Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is another emerging technique that involves administering all anesthetic drugs intravenously without inhalation agents. TIVA offers precise control over anesthetic depth and allows for rapid recovery while minimizing the risk of pollution from volatile agents.

Regional anesthesia techniques such as epidural anesthesia and peripheral nerve blocks are increasingly utilized for both intraoperative and postoperative pain management. These techniques provide targeted analgesia, reduce the need for systemic opioids, and improve postoperative recovery.

2. Monitoring Equipment:
Advancements in monitoring equipment have significantly improved patient safety during anesthesia. Pulse oximetry, capnography, and blood pressure monitoring are standard practices in small animal anesthesia. However, emerging technologies such as non-invasive cardiac output monitoring, depth of anesthesia monitors, and neuromuscular blockade monitors offer additional insights into patient status and help tailor anesthetic management.

3. Analgesic Drugs:
Effective pain management is a crucial aspect of small animal anesthesia. Traditional opioids like morphine and fentanyl continue to be widely used, but newer analgesics such as buprenorphine, tramadol, and tapentadol are gaining popularity due to their improved safety profiles and multimodal analgesic properties.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play a vital role in perioperative pain management. The emergence of selective COX-2 inhibitors has provided safer alternatives with reduced gastrointestinal side effects. Additionally, the use of local anesthetics in wound infiltration or continuous infusion techniques has shown promising results in improving postoperative pain control.

4. Perioperative Care:
Optimizing perioperative care is essential for successful anesthesia outcomes. This includes pre-anesthetic assessment, patient stabilization, and individualized anesthetic plans based on patient characteristics. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols are gaining attention in veterinary medicine, focusing on minimizing stress responses, maintaining normothermia, and providing early postoperative nutrition and mobilization.

Conclusion:
The field of small animal anesthesia and analgesia is continuously evolving with emerging trends aimed at improving patient safety, comfort, and overall outcomes. The use of balanced anesthesia protocols, advanced monitoring equipment, novel analgesic drugs, and optimized perioperative care contribute to the advancement of this field. Veterinarians should stay updated with these emerging trends to provide the best possible care for their small animal patients.

International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health ISSN 2756-3871 Vol. 14(9), September, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Opinion

Accepted 23 July, 2023

Abimbola Ayodele and Adesua Osagie

Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine - University of Benin, Benin City.

Abstract:
Zoonotic diseases, which are transmitted between animals and humans, pose a significant threat to public health worldwide. This opinion article explores the impact of zoonotic diseases on public health from a One Health perspective. It highlights the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health and emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts to prevent and control zoonotic diseases. The article discusses the factors contributing to the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases, the potential consequences for public health, and the importance of adopting a holistic approach to address these challenges. By recognizing the complex nature of zoonotic diseases and implementing effective prevention strategies, we can safeguard public health and promote global well-being.

Keywords: Zoonotic diseases, public health, One Health perspective, emergence, prevention strategies.

Introduction:
Zoonotic diseases have been a persistent threat to human populations throughout history. These diseases are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that can be transmitted between animals and humans. The transmission can occur through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, consumption of contaminated food or water, inhalation of infectious particles, or via vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Zoonotic diseases can have severe consequences for both individuals and communities, leading to illness, disability, economic losses, and even death.

The One Health approach recognizes that human health is closely interconnected with animal and environmental health. It emphasizes the need for collaboration between various disciplines including medicine, veterinary science, ecology, environmental science, and public health to address complex health challenges. By adopting a One Health perspective in understanding and combating zoonotic diseases, we can effectively mitigate their impact on public health.

Discussion:
1. Factors contributing to the emergence of zoonotic diseases:
Zoonotic diseases can emerge due to various factors including changes in land use patterns, urbanization, deforestation, climate change, wildlife trade, and agricultural practices. These activities can bring humans into closer contact with wildlife and domestic animals, increasing the risk of disease transmission. Additionally, the intensification of animal production systems and the global movement of people and goods facilitate the spread of zoonotic pathogens.

2. Consequences for public health:
Zoonotic diseases can have significant consequences for public health at both local and global levels. Outbreaks of zoonotic diseases such as Ebola, SARS, MERS, avian influenza, and COVID-19 have demonstrated their potential to cause widespread illness, economic disruption, and social unrest. These diseases can lead to high mortality rates, strain healthcare systems, and have long-lasting socioeconomic impacts. Furthermore, zoonotic diseases can also affect food security and nutrition by impacting livestock production and agricultural practices.

3. Importance of a One Health approach:
The One Health approach recognizes that the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems are interconnected. By integrating knowledge from multiple disciplines, it enables a comprehensive understanding of zoonotic diseases and their complex dynamics. This approach emphasizes the importance of early detection, surveillance systems, risk assessment, and effective communication between human and animal health sectors. It also promotes collaborative research efforts to develop vaccines, diagnostics, and treatment strategies for zoonotic diseases.

4. Prevention strategies:
Preventing zoonotic diseases requires a multifaceted approach that addresses both the animal and human aspects of disease transmission. This includes implementing effective surveillance systems to detect emerging pathogens in animals and humans, promoting responsible antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine and agriculture to reduce the development of drug-resistant strains, improving hygiene practices in food production and preparation, enhancing vector control measures, and raising awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public about zoonotic disease risks.

Conclusion:
Zoonotic diseases pose a significant threat to public health globally. The One Health perspective provides a framework for understanding the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health in the context of zoonotic disease prevention and control. By adopting a holistic approach that integrates knowledge from various disciplines, we can effectively mitigate the impact of zoonotic diseases on public health. Collaboration between governments, international organizations, researchers, healthcare professionals, and communities is crucial to implementing comprehensive prevention strategies and safeguarding public health.

International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health ISSN 2756-3871 Vol. 14(9), September, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Opinion

Accepted 21 July, 2023

Kehinde Olusegun, Olumide Temitope and Ijeoma Ugochukwu

Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology - University of Jos, Jos.

 
Abstract:
This opinion article aims to provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of surgical techniques used for canine cruciate ligament repair. Cruciate ligament injuries are common in dogs and can lead to significant lameness and joint instability. Several surgical techniques have been developed to address this issue, including extracapsular stabilization, tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO), and tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA). This article discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and outcomes associated with each technique, highlighting the importance of considering individual patient factors when selecting the most appropriate surgical approach.

Keywords: Canine cruciate ligament repair, extracapsular stabilization, TPLO, TTA, surgical techniques.

Introduction:
Canine cruciate ligament injuries are a prevalent orthopedic problem in veterinary medicine. The rupture or partial tear of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) can result in lameness, joint instability, and secondary osteoarthritis. Surgical intervention is often necessary to restore stability and function to the affected joint. Over the years, various surgical techniques have been developed to address this issue. This article aims to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of three commonly used techniques: extracapsular stabilization, TPLO, and TTA.

Discussion:
1. Extracapsular Stabilization:
Extracapsular stabilization is a widely employed technique for canine cruciate ligament repair. It involves placing a suture material outside the joint capsule to provide stability. This technique is relatively simple and cost-effective compared to other methods. However, it may not be suitable for large or active dogs due to potential suture failure or implant loosening. Additionally, long-term outcomes may be less favorable compared to more advanced techniques.

2. Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO):
TPLO is a surgical technique that involves altering the biomechanics of the stifle joint to compensate for the loss of cruciate ligament function. It aims to reduce cranial tibial thrust and stabilize the joint. TPLO has gained popularity due to its ability to provide excellent long-term outcomes and improved joint stability. However, it requires specialized equipment, advanced surgical skills, and a longer recovery period. The cost of TPLO surgery is also higher compared to extracapsular stabilization.

3. Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA):
TTA is another surgical technique used for canine cruciate ligament repair. It involves advancing the tibial tuberosity to change the angle of the patellar tendon, thereby reducing cranial tibial thrust. TTA offers advantages such as rapid recovery, reduced postoperative complications, and good long-term outcomes. However, it also requires specialized equipment and expertise.

Comparative Analysis:
When comparing these three surgical techniques, several factors should be considered, including patient size, activity level, concurrent orthopedic conditions, surgeon experience, and cost. Extracapsular stabilization may be suitable for smaller dogs with lower activity levels and limited financial resources. TPLO and TTA are more appropriate for larger or highly active dogs due to their ability to provide better joint stability. TPLO is generally preferred for dogs with steep tibial plateau angles, while TTA may be more suitable for dogs with shallow tibial plateau angles.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the choice of surgical technique for canine cruciate ligament repair should be based on a thorough evaluation of individual patient factors. Extracapsular stabilization, TPLO, and TTA all have their advantages and disadvantages. While extracapsular stabilization is a simpler and more cost-effective option, TPLO and TTA offer superior long-term outcomes and improved joint stability. Consulting with a veterinary orthopedic specialist is crucial in determining the most appropriate surgical approach for each case.