ISSN 2756-3871
Research Article
International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 11 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effects of three Chinese herbal crude polysaccharides on immunoglobulin A secreting cells and serum antibody titers in vaccinated chickens
Yan QIU1*, Yuan-Liang HU2, Fa-Ming DONG1, De-Yun WANG2 and Zhan-Qin ZHAO1
1College of Animal Technology, Henan Science and Technology University, Luoyang, 471003, P. R. China.
2College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China.
Accepted 18 December, 2019
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three Chinese herbal crude polysaccharides on immunoglobulin A secreting cells and serum antibody titers in vaccinated chickens. A total of 450 14-day-old chickens were randomly assigned to nine equal groups and all chickens were vaccinated. Concurrent with the first vaccination, chickens in groups 1 to 8 were intramuscularly injected with four crude polysaccharides among which the astragalus polysaccharide (APS) was selected as positive control at high and low doses, and group 9 (control group) with saline once a day for three successive days. The numbers of positive immunoglobulin A (IgA) secreting cells and the serum specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody were determined by immunohistochemistry and micro method. The results showed that the individual administration of any of the three crude polysaccharides could significantly increase the number of IgA secreting cells, and the maximum numbers of increased IgA secreting cells in the cecum tonsil and duodenum in the three polysaccharides groups were 37.7 and 33.5 when compared with the controls, and those of the APS groups were 33.9 and 32.7. These three crude polysaccharides at appropriate doses also significantly enhance anti-Newcastle disease virus antibody titers, and the maximum antibody titer increase in the three polysaccharides groups was 1.6 log2 when compared with the control group, and those of the APS groups was 1.7 log2. These findings indicated that the appropriate doses of the three crude polysaccharides possess significant immune enhancing properties of mucosa and humoral immune responses, which have similar effect with astragalus polysaccharide, and may be useful as a new type of immune potentiator during vaccination.
Key words: Chinese herbal crude polysaccharides, vaccine, immunity, chickens.
Fa-Ming DONG, Yuan-Liang HU, De-Yun WANG and Zhan-Qin ZHAO, Yan QIU*
Page: 1 - 7
Research Article
International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 11 (3), pp. 001-006, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Camel brucellosis and management practices in Jijiga and Babile districts, Eastern Ethiopia
Berhanu Tilahun1*, Merga Bekana2, Kelay Belihu2 and Endrias Zewdu3
1College of Veterinary Medicine, Haromaya University, P. O. Box 138, Dire-Dawa, Ethiopia.
2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia.
3Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University, P. O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia.
Accepted 18 October, 20119
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out on sera of 822 randomly selected camels in order to estimate seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis and assess camel management practices. A questionnaire survey was administered to one-hundred willing respondents out of the total 185 camel owners whose camels were included in the sample unit. The sera were first screened by Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and then all positive reactors were further tested by the complement fixation test (CFT) for confirmation. The overall seroprevalence of brucella in camels was 2.43% (95% CI = 1.3 - 3.8). None of the potential risk factors studied (district, sex, age, herd size, camel rearing experience and parity) had significant effect on animal level seroprevalence (P > 0.05). The herd level seroprevalence was significantly associated with abortion (P = 0.012) and still birth (P = 0.016). Significant proportion (40%) of camel herders kept camels together with cattle, sheep and goats. Thirty-two percent of camel herders kept camel with cattle. The camel herd composition was dominated by pregnant (21.8%), lactating (21.1%) and mature non-lactating she camels (19.3%). The major diseases affecting camels were trypanosomiasis (93%), anthrax (80%), pneumonia (70%), “bent neck” (59%), abscess (59%), endoparasites (54%) and ectoparasites (51%). Camel management practices like herding, watering, milking, delivery and mating assistance were mainly the responsibilities of adults and young males. Although, seroprevalence of camel brucellosis was low, it could pose considerable threat to public health and market value of camels. The camel health and management practices are inadequate. Public education and detailed epidemiological studies of camel diseases were suggested.
Key words: Camel, brucellosis, seroprevalence, milking, watering, herding, risk factor.
Kelay Belihu and Endrias Zewdu, Merga Bekana, Berhanu Tilahun*
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 11 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Studies on farmer awareness on caprine abortion and the presence of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in selected flocks in an arid zone of Nigeria
M. Adamu3,4*, G. D. Mshelia2, N. Elelu1, L. Ouda1 and G. O. Egwu1
1Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
2Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.
3Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria.
4Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa Bag X04 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa.
Accepted 13 October, 2019
Abstract
A survey was conducted to evaluate farmer’s awareness on caprine abortion and the occurrence of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in flocks in the arid zone of Nigeria. The survey revealed that 80% of the flocks studied had a mean kidding rate of 3 per 2 years, while 19% had a rate of 1 per year. The result also showed that 47% of the farmers use deep burial, 11% discards aborted materials freely, only 3% of farmers burn the foetuses and 15% do not bother at all. The survey further revealed that 42% of farmers seek veterinary assistance, 30% employ the use of local remedies, while 10% were not aware of the availability of veterinary care. Of the 250 blood samples screened, the result showed that 3.2 and 5.6% of the samples were positive for antibodies against B. melitensis antigen using Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and complement fixation test (CFT), respectively. Whereas, 1.6 and 3.2% tested positive for antibodies against B. abortus antigen with RBPT and CFT respectively at a titre level ≥10. The results also demonstrate the superiority of the CFT over the RBPT. Sex predisposition was particularly not significant (P< 0.05) in this study. There was a moderate level of awareness among farmers in this area and considerable low reproductive efficiency in goats as a consequence of poor kidding rates. The study identified farmer education as a possible risk factor for caprine abortion and lowered fertility. It was concluded that caprine brucellosis is still endemic in Nigeria and that B. abortus antibodies exist in goats, thus underscoring the need to separate goats from cattle during grazing or housing.
Key words: Abortion, Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, goats, Nigeria.
N. Elelu, L. Ouda and G. O. Egwu, G. D. Mshelia, M. Adamu*
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 11 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
A prevalence study of internal parasites infecting Boer goats at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia
Dechassa Terefe1, Daniel Demissie1, Desta Beyene2 and Samuel Haile3
1Department of Parasitology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramay University, Ethiopia.
2Department of Veterinary Epidemiology, Microbiology and Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Ethiopia.
3Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computitional Science, Haramaya University, Ethiopia.
Accepted 19 March, 2019
Abstract
This study determined the prevalence and intensity of internal parasites infecting pure- and cross-bred Boer goats, and to determine the risk factors associated with the parasites at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia. The study covered five months from November 2009 to March 2010. During this period, faecal samples from 192 goats (104 pure Boer goats and 88 cross-bred goats) were examined using several carpological parasitological procedures. All goats were infected with at least one type of parasite. Strongyloides spp. (4.7%), Moniezia spp. (7.8%), Skrjabinema spp. (11.5%), strongyle -type species (49.5%) and Eimeria spp. (100%) were identified. Eimeria spp. was not affected by risk factors such as breed, age, sex and body condition score but breed and sex had a significant effect (p<0.05) on strongyle-type eggs. Similarly, age affected the prevalence of Strongyloides spp. (p<0.05). The faecal egg counts showed that these parasites may affect the growth rate of goats at the farm. Some recommendations are proposed for controlling the parasites on the farm.
Key words: Boar goat, cross-bred, Eimeria, internal parasites, Moniezia, prevalence, Skrjabinema, strongyle-type, Strongyloides.
Desta Beyene and Samuel Haile, Daniel Demissie, Dechassa Terefe
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 11 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Identification of tick species and their preferred site on cattle’s body in and around Mizan Teferi, Southwestern Ethiopia
Fanos Tadesse1, Gezali Abadfaji3, Sisay Girma2, Bersissa kumsa1 and Tariku Jibat1*
1School of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
2College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P. O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
3College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P. O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia.
Accepted 17 November, 2019
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify tick species and their preferred sites on cattle’s body in and around Mizan Teferi, Southwestern Ethiopia. Three hundred seventy five cows were brought to Mizan Teferi Gacheb veterinary clinic during the study period from areas where mixed crop-livestock farming is the dominant production system. Out the total number of the animals brought to clinic, 272 animals which had ticks comprising three genera and five species were studied and a total number of 3,974 ticks were collected and identified. The genera recorded were Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus with relative infestation rate of 88.8, 53.3 and 12.3% respectively. Four tick species identified of the three genera were Ambylyomma cohaerens, Amblyomma variegatum, Amblyomma gemma, and Rhipicephalus evertsi. A. cohaerens were the most abundant tick species with a relative abundance of 62.4%. The average male to female sex ratio was 1.3:1, which could be explained by the reproductive behaviour of the female tick. The study also found that most infested body part of the cattle was udder-scrotum (32.4%) followed by anno-vulva (21.9%), perineum (18.77%), dewlap (16.7%) and brisket (3.1%). The infestation level of ticks had a statistical significance difference (P<0.05) between cattle of poor body condition and good body condition, which is higher in the later one. Hence, during hand spraying of cattle special, attention should be given to the udder-scrotum and other preferred sites of attachment. Appropriate tick control strategy and technique need to be applied to which the identified tick species are sensitive.
Key words: Cattle, predilection site, tick.
Fanos Tadesse, Sisay Girma2, Gezali Abadfaji, Bersissa kumsa and Tariku Jibat*
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 11 (1), pp. 001-006, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Prevalence, gross pathological lesions and economic losses of bovine fasciolosis at Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia
Dechasa Terefe1, Anteneh Wondimu2* and Dechasa Fekadu Gachen3
1Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Haramaya University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia.
2Department of Clinical Studies, Haramaya University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia.
3Haramaya University College of Veterinary Medicine P.O. Box 138 Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
Accepted 10 October, 2019
Abstract
This study reports the prevalence of fasciolosis in slaughtered cattle at abattoirs of Ethiopia. A total of 761 cattle were randomly sampled and examined after slaughter of which 407 (53.48%) were positive for fasiolosis. Depending on the degree of pathological lesions, 110 (27.03%), 220 (54.05%), and 77 (18.92%), were lightly, moderately and severely affected respectively. There was a statistically significant association (P<0.05) between the degree of pathological lesion and number of flukes in the liver were 91, 73 and 18 mean number of flukes in moderately, severely and lightly affected livers. The result indicated Fasciola hepatica was more prevalent (45.20%) followed by Fasciola gigantica (26.54%); mixed infection (15.72%) and unidentified or immature fluke (12.53%). Statistically significant variation was also observed in the prevalence of fasciolosis among animals with poor (73.83%), medium (49.51%) and good (51.24%) body conditions (P<0.05). Coprological examinations on the 163 selected cattle at ante-mortem examination showed the prevalence rate of 8.94%. The total economic loss as a result of fasciola infestation was 3,003,488.1408 ETB equivalents. This study suggests that there was significant economic loss due to fasciolosis and warrant immediate attention.
Key words: Abattoir, bovine, fasciolosis, Ethiopia, prevalence, gross pathological lesion.
Dechasa Terefe, Anteneh Wondimu* and Dechasa Fekadu Gachen
Page: 1 - 6