Advances in Food Science and Technology

Advances in Food Science and Technology ISSN: 6732-4215 Vol. 7 (1), pp. 001-008, January, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effective factors on the employment status of agricultural graduates in Iran

Ali Asghar Mirakzadeh¹* and Fereshteh Ghiasvand Ghiasy²

¹Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Razi University, Emam highway. Shohada square. Kermanshah, Iran.

²Islamic Azad University. Takestan Branch, Iran.

Accepted 19 November, 2018

Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to analyse the effective factor(s) on employment status of agricultural graduates. It was quantitative and applied research that conducted through descriptive-survey method. Questionnaire (that developed by researchers base on literature review) and interview consisted the means for data gathering. Statistical population of research consisted of all agricultural graduates in seven field of agriculture since 2006 to 2008 (N = 530). 156 graduates as a statistical sample by using Cochran's equation were chosen. Results showed that "absence of employment capacity in public sector"; "unsuitable conditions for employment in public sector" and "discordance of university education with agricultural profession" was three most important components that had effect on unemployment of graduates. Result also showed that there was significant difference between viewpoint of employed and unemployed graduates about the effect of "having entrepreneurship spirit”; interest to employment in agricultural jobs; and experience having in computer skill" on employment status of agricultural graduates. Results based on factor analysis showed that the effective components on employment status of agricultural graduates were categorized into six factors that named; educational history, professional skills, entrepreneurship spirit, practical experience, communication skills and socio- economic context. These six factors totally determined 70.03% of total variance of graduate's employment status.

Key words: Agriculture, employment, higher education, graduates.

Advances in Food Science and Technology ISSN: 6732-4215 Vol. 6 (12), pp. 001-007, December, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Regression analysis of effective factor on people participation in protecting and revitalizing of pastures and forests in Ilam province from the view of users

Bagher Arayesh

Agricultural Extension and Education Islamic Azad University Ilam Branch, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 00988412223906, 00989183410451. Fax: 00988412223906.

Accepted 14 May, 2018

Abstract

The purpose of this study is the regression analysis of effective factor on participation in Protecting and revitalizing of pastures and forests in Ilam province. This study is a casual comparison, and application of it to one sample was taken from natural resources users .The sample size of groups was obtained by cochran formula and it was 317 for users respectively for sample selection, stratified, cluster and multiple sampling were utilized with regard to research factors (objective, problem,….) document analysis, library research and field study, were employed by using questionnaire. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were obtained by experts and pilot study and its Alfa level was 88%. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used and data was analyzed by spss 15. To test the hypothesis, correlation, multiple regression were employed. The result indicated that level of education, rate of media using, users trusting on natural resources executive, consulting with users before implementation the plans, number of cattle's, kind of occupation, users membership in public institution and organization, social status of users, technical knowledge of users, present status of natural resources extensive plans, political and low full support of users, amount of loan received by users and organizing nature assistant, have a significant role on people participation on protecting and revitalizing of pastures and forests.

Key words: Participation people, natural resources, extension, public organization.

Advances in Food Science and Technology ISSN: 6732-4215 Vol. 6 (11), pp. 001-009, November, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Developing participatory extension applications in Turkey

Orhan Ozcatalbas¹*, Ismet Boz², Kursat Demiryurek³, Dilek Bostan Budak⁴, Buket Karaturhan⁵ and Handan Akcaoz¹

¹Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya-Turkey.

²Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Sutcu mam, Kahramanmaras-Turkey.

³Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondukuzmayis University, Samsun-Turkey.

⁴Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana-Turkey.

⁵Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University,Izmir –Turkey.

Accepted 20 July, 2018

Abstract

The purpose of extension is to increase the living standard of the farmers and their families in the rural areas. Extension services in Turkey have been implemented mainly by the Ministry of Agriculture since the 1940s and are currently organized by the administrative districts of the Provincial Agricultural Directorates. Agricultural extension approaches in Turkey have been mainly derived from extension applications in different countries and the previous projects of the World Bank and FAO. For that reason Turkey has tremendous experience on the application of agricultural extension approaches from many countries. Agricultural extension activities are implemented by several institutions; each of them has a different legal status. The extension programmes were accepted and implemented using six approaches during different periods in Turkey. During this period the dominant approach was the promotion of technology transfer by the ‘general agricultural extension approach’ until the 1990s. The ‘training and visit approach’ has also been used since the 1984s. The common characteristic of these two approaches was the lack of farmers’ participation. This was an important detriment to the effectiveness of extension services in Turkey. The implementation of participatory extension approaches was very limited but effective. The contribution of universities, NGO’s (e.g. producers’ organizations and farmers’ unions) and private firms to extension activities were limited. Thus, it will be very useful to apply the participatory approach where rural people have to take the initiative and think about their own problems with appropriate solutions by relevant extension organizations in Turkey.

Key words: Turkey, participatory extension, farming system, extension systems.

Advances in Food Science and Technology ISSN: 6732-4215 Vol. 6 (10), pp. 001-006, October, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Costing on-farm conservation of crop diversity: The case of sorghum and wheat in Ethiopia and implications for policy

Edilegnaw Wale

Discipline of Agricultural Economics, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal P. Bag X01 Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +27 33 260 5410. Fax: +27 33 260 5970.

Accepted 05 August, 2018

Abstract

The purpose of the paper is to estimate on-farm conservation costs based on household-level financial opportunity costs which, in turn, are estimated using sorghum and wheat household survey data from Ethiopia. The results suggest that opportunity costs need to be responsive to agricultural development opportunities, crop types and farmers’ characteristics which will all affect the national level conservation costs. Farmers have to be contextually targeted (for on-farm conservation) and treated based on their attribute profiles. Different levels and types of compensation schemes might be required for different groups. Institutionalizing on-farm conservation and optimizing costs calls for fulfilling farmers’ expectations based on the opportunity costs they forego.

Key words: On-farm conservation, crop diversity, opportunity cost, cost, sorghum, wheat, Ethiopia.

Advances in Food Science and Technology ISSN: 6732-4215 Vol. 6 (9), pp. 001-009, September, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full length Research Paper

A time series analysis of structural break time in the macroeconomic variables in Ethiopia

Hailegiorgis Bigramo Allaro¹*, Belay Kassa² and Bekele Hundie³

¹College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, School of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Haramaya University, Ethiopia.

²Agricultural Economics, Haramaya University, Ethiopia.

³Ethiopian Civil Service College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Accepted 13 May, 2018

Abstract

This research examines the structural break dates for export, import and GDP in Ethiopia using annual macroeconomic time series data spanning the years from 1974 through 2009. The study revealed that Ethiopia economy has been subject to a structural change and regime shift during the sample period. This paper reviews tests for structural change in linear regression models with Chow test which was formalised from Perron (1989) to perform tests on time series data on three assumed dates 1992, 1993 and 2003 to determine the date(s) at which there was a statistically significant structural break. The study infers that endogenously determined structural break time for the macroeconomic variables (export, import and GDP) of Ethiopian economy was found to be 2003. Noteworthy is that the structural break occurred after eleven years of the regime shift suggesting the policy change is not corresponding with the anticipated structural break in Ethiopian economy. This implies that structural break taken place endogenously well after policy announcement.

Key words: Ethiopia, macroeconomic variables, structural break.