African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 4729-6836 Vol. 6 (4), pp. 001-010, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Simultaneous occurrence of saxitoxins and biogenic amines in mackerel fish

M. N. Gomaa^1*, K. M. Soliman¹, M. A. Embaby^2,3 and A. M. Ayesh¹

¹Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts-Khulais, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.

²Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.

³Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts-Khulais, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.

Accepted 14 October, 2018

Abstract

Seafood toxins resulted from a wide variety of naturally occurring or man-made toxic compound may cause a serious hazard to consumers. Biogenic amines that cause histamine poisoning and (STX) that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) are among these seafood toxins that may occur in mackerel fish and their presence may be affected by seasonal and locality variation. The presence of STX and biogenic amines together will increase the hazard to consumers. That is why the present study was conducted to explore the simultaneous occurrence of these toxins in mackerel fish in Egyptian markets. Also, to study the effect of catching areas and seasonal variation on the level of these toxins. Mouse bioassay method was used for STX determination, where the toxicity detected in mackerel fish in this study ranged from 21.4 to 45 µg STX/100 g. The quantitative Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) technique was applied for biogenic amines determination indicating that catching source had the main significant impact on the level of biogenic amines in mackerel fish samples under study. However, catching areas combined with seasonal variation affect the incidence level of STX in mackerel fish. Significant increase in the level of histamine (71), putrescine (64), cadaverine (42%), spermidine (65%), spermine (88%) and tyramine (48) was detected in the samples due to the thawing process.

Key words: Mackerel, biogenic amines, saxitoxins, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP).

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 4729-6836 Vol. 6 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A report and analysis on the sampling and inspection of 50692 drugs

Wang Ming-Dong^1,2, Li Ye^1*, Han Ling², Pan Ying² and He Xiao-Xia²

School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China.

Liao Ning Benxi Third Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd, Benxi, People’s Republic of China.

Accepted 31 October, 2018

Abstract

Ensuring safe use of drugs has always been of high concern to the Chinese central and local Governments. Comprehensive and accurate evaluation of drug quality status is of great importance. This paper systematically and realistically evaluates the drug sampling inspection reports in Liaoning Province in recent three years, carefully analyzes the causes of drug disqualification and proposes some suggestions and countermeasures on the relevant issues.

Key words: Drug, disqualification, Chinese medical materials, sampling inspection.

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 4729-6836 Vol. 6 (2), pp. 001-009, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluation of some antagonistic bacteria in biological control of Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici causal agent of wheat take-all disease in Iran

Elahe Babaeipoor¹, Soheila Mirzaei²*, Younes Rezaee Danesh³, Amir Arjmandian⁴ and Mehrdad Chaichi⁴

¹Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran.

²Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Buali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

³Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.

⁴Seed and Plant Improvement Department, Hamedan Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research, Hamedan, Iran.

Accepted 07 October, 2018

Abstract

Take-all is a disease of wheat root caused by the soil borne fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc) Von Arx and Oliver var tritici Walker (Ggt) all over the word. There has been considered biological control using the microorganisms departed from suppressive soils or wheat roots, widely. In this study, strains of Bacillus (B. subtilis and B. pumilus), Pseudomonas (P. fluorescent, P. putida and P. aeruginosa) and Chromobacteria sp., separated from wheat rhizosphere, were assessed for their ability to control this disease. Three fungal isolates (23, 35 and 45) were used in all experiments. Out of 45 bacterial strains in laboratory conditions, 15 strains were selected for isolates 23; 14 strains for isolates 35, and 25 strains for isolates 45 based on dual culture tests. In volatile metabolites test, for isolate 45 the most effective bacteria were strains 132 (P. fluorescens) and 159 (P. putida) and for isolates 23 and 35, strains 73 (P. fluorescens) and 10 (P. putida) were the best, respectively. Antibiotic production results indicated that for isolate 23 strains 93, 196, 142 (P. fluorescens) and 106 (P. putida); isolate 35, strain 10 (P. putida) and isolate 45, strain 66 (B. subtilis), 68, 103, 159 (P. putida), 173, 93 (P. fluorescens) and 78 (P. aeruginosa) reduced pathogene growth significantly (p<0.05). Regarding siderophore production, among fluorescent pseudomonads, strains 189, 87, 5 and MP were selected. The effectiveness of bacteria on take-all was assessed in test tubes and greenhouse by seed treatment, too. Disease severity was assessed based on 0-6 scale and in all three fungal isolates, there were significant differences between treatments (p<0.01). In growth chamber experiments for isolate 35, P. fluorescens (VN) was the best one and for isolates 23, wheat treated with P. fluorescens strains VN and 196 showed less disease. Finally, for isolates 45, the most effective strains were VN, 132, 39, 73, 189, 196, MP (P. fluorescens), 53, 103 and 147 (P. putida). According to greenhouse results, in isolate 35 wheat treated with strains 10 (P. putida) and VN (P. fluorescens) showed no infection indicating bacterial effectiveness in fungal inhibition. Isolate 23, strains 100 (P. putida), 196, 5, VN (P. fluorescens) and 65 (B. pumilus) and in isolate 45, strains VN, 132, 93 (P. fluorescens) and 53 (P. putida) were the most effective ones. In these cases there was no infection as well. The role of bacteria in promoting plant growth was assessed. There was no difference in growth indices between intact plant and plant treated with bacteria (without any fungal inoculation), so bacteria cause growth enhancement by disease control.

Key words. Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Chromobacteria, take-all, biological control.

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 4729-6836 Vol. 6 (1), pp. 001-010, January, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Application of saline water and herbicides as a method for weed control in the tropical turfgrass: Its impact on nutrient uptake and soil microbial community

Md. Kamal Uddin¹, Abdul Shukor Juraimi²*, Mohd. Razi Ismail¹, Umme Aminun Naher¹, Radziah Othman³ and Anuar Abdul Rahim³

¹Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.

²Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

³Department of Land Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Accepted 24 October, 2018

Abstract

A field study was conducted at Universiti Putra Malaysia with the aim to find out a suitable environment friendly weed control method for turfgrass species in combination with different levels of sea water and herbicides. A number of three turfgrass species (Paspalum vaginatum, Zoysia japonica and Cynodon dactylon ‘satiri’) and five associative weed species (Eragrostis atrovirens, Sporobolus diander, Cyperus aromaticus, Cyperus rotundus, and Emilia sonchifolia) were treated with different doses of sea water level and two herbicides (Trifloxysulfuron –sodium and Quinclorac). The shoot uptake of Na, K, Ca, Mg were determined as a indicator of salt tolerance using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Among the three turfgrass species C. dactylon ‘satiri’ had higher tissue accumulations of Na with greater reduction of K (27%), Ca (42%), and Mg (23%). The tested five weed species showed higher Na accumulation and reduction of Na, K, Ca and Mg compared to turfgrasses. The highest Na accumulation was found in E. sonchifolia and S. diander weed species. Microbial populations were found highest in control treatment. While comparing 9 treatments, the combination of ¾ recommended herbicides, either trifloxysulfuron-sodium or quinclorac with ¾ sea wa ter had lower reductions of uptake of K (5 to 19%), Mg (10-37%) and Ca (21-31%) in turfgrass species and exhibited higher microbial populations, which proved suitable for turfgrass weed management. In general, it may concluded that, combination of reduced doses (¾) of sea water and herbicide is the best method for weed control in tropical trufgrass species and also friendly to environment.

Key words: Turfgrass weed, bacteria, fungus, actinomycetes.

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 4729-6836 Vol. 5 (12), pp. 001-008, December, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antibacterial profile of Jatropha curcas latex extracts against selected human pathogenic bacteria

Z. Suhaili^1*, C. C. Yeo¹, H. N. Yasin¹, N. A. Badaludin¹ and Z. A. Zakaria²

¹Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kampus Kota, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.

²Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Accepted 23 August, 2018

Abstract

Jatropha curcas is a drought-resistant tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. The latex of J. curcas has been traditionally used to heal wounds and has reported anti-coagulant and coagulant properties. In this study, fractions of the methanol, aqueous, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts from the Jatropha latex were tested for antibacterial properties against nine different human pathogenic bacteria, namely three different isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (one methicillin-resistant strain MRSA ATCC 33591, and two methicillin-sensitive strains MSSA ATCC 29213 and ATCC 25174), Salmonella enterica serovar typhi, Streptococcus agalactiae, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis (E248), Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218), Listeria monocytogenes (IMR L10), and Morganella morgenii (IMR MM99). The zones of inhibition produced by the extracts using an agar well diffusion method against the test microorganisms were found to range from 2.7 to 29 mm. The methanol extract was found to be the most effective extract with MIC values ranging from 0.39 mg/ml for methicillin-sensitive S. aureus and 6.25 mg/ml for S. marcescens. Hexane extracts did not show any antibacterial activity. Phytochemical screening of the J. curcas latex indicated the presence of saponins and tannins which are known to have antibacterial properties.

Key words: Jatropha curcas latex, antibacterial properties and human pathogenic bacteria.

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 4729-6836 Vol. 5 (12), pp. 001-005, December, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene for identification of Staphylococcus species in water sample

Priyanka Shukla, Shipra Srivastava, Rajeev Srivastava and Anil Kumar Rawat*

Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Division, BIOBRAINZ, 566/29 J, Jai Prakash Nagar, Alambagh, Lucknow 226005, India.

Accepted 09 September, 2018

Abstract

A bacterial strain Bz19 was isolated from a water sample collected from river Gomati at the Indian city of Lucknow. We characterized the strain using 16S rRNA gene sequence. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the strain formed a monophyletic clade with members of the genus Staphylococcus. The closest phylogenetic relative was Staphylococcus arlettae with 99% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. It is proposed that the identified strain Bz19 be assigned as the type strain of a species of the genus Staphylococcus (Staphylococcus sp. Bz19) based on phylogenetic tree analysis together with the 16S rRNA gene sequence search in Ribosomal Database Project, small subunit rRNA and large subunit rRNA databases. The sequence was deposited in GenBank with the accession number HM488958.

Key words: 16S ribosomal RNA gene, Staphylococcus, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), phylogenetic analysis, DNA isolation, DNA sequencing.