African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 4729-6836 Vol. 7 (1), pp. 001-006, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Case Report

South Asian version of flatbush diabetes mellitus- A case report and review article

Khurshid Ahmad Khan* and Javed Akram

Medicine/ Endocrinology, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Jinnah Hospital Lahore, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Accepted 20 August, 2019

Abstract

Ketosis prone type 2 diabetes mellitus which was once described as “atypical diabetes” is being recognized increasingly worldwide; being originally described in African population has been seen in multiple ethnic groups, especially in urban areas. These patients are typically obese, middle-aged men with a strong family history of type 2 diabetes. The pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in its cause are unknown, but preliminary evidence suggests that patients with ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes have a unique propensity to glucose desensitization. These individuals have negative autoantibodies associated with type 1 diabetes but frequently HLA class II DRB1*03 and/or DRB1*04 are detected. Severe impairment of both insulin secretion and insulin action are found at presentation. Aggressive diabetes management results in marked improvement in beta cell function and insulin sensitivity sufficient to allow discontinuation of insulin therapy within a few months of treatment. In the long run, insulin can be substituted with oral hypoglycemic agents in most of these patients under careful supervision and close follow up. Molecular investigations into KPD syndromes utilizing multiple approaches (genomic, metabolic, proteomic) to generate etiological hypotheses can help us understand the underlying defects of insulin secretion and sensitivity in these and other types of diabetic patients.

Key words: Diabetesis mellitus (DM), ketosis prone diabetes (KPD), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), latent auto-immune diabetes of adults (LADA).

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 4729-6836 Vol. 7 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Circulating antigens of Schistosoma parasites in urine of schistosomiasis patients in Central Sudan

Ashraf S. Yousif ^1,*, Eshtiyag A. Abdelkareem¹, Salma M. Elhag¹, Lemeis A. Elgimeaabi¹, Magdi A. Ahmed¹, Ehab A. Frah², Ahmed Babiker³ and Atif A. Elagib¹

¹Department of Immunology and Biotechnology-Tropical Medicine Research Institute-National Centre for Research-Khartoum-Sudan.

²Department of Vectors and Biomedical Studies- Tropical Medicine Research Institute-National Centre for Research-Khartoum-Sudan.

³National Centre for Research-Ministry of Sciences and Technology-Khartoum-Sudan.

Accepted 13 November, 2019

Abstract

This study was aimed to detect circulating antigens of the schistosoma parasites in urine of schistosomiasis patients living in two camps, Hababna and Elshajara camps within Tyieba Elshiekh Elgorashi village, located North West from Hassahiesa city in the Gezira state- central Sudan. The prevalence of S. haematobium in the two camps was 15.4% and the prevalence of S. mansoni was 53.8%. Urine samples of individuals infected with S. mansoni (93), S. haematobium (13) and with both (co-infection, 19), were electrophoretically separated on SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted against confirmed schistosoma patient’s serum. Immunogenic protein band with molecular weight 91 kDa was observed in all urine samples of individuals infected with S. haematobium and co-infection. In addition to 48 kDa in 8(61.5%), 11(57.9%) urine samples of infected individuals with S. haematobium and co-infection, respectively. A 60 kDa was found in 61(65.6%) urine samples of infected individuals with S. mansoni. No band was observed in urine samples of healthy control groups from endemic and non-endemic area. The present study showed that a 91 kDa protein is a highly immunogenic and may be a useful marker for diagnosing urinary schistosomiasis.

Key words: Circulating antigen, immunogenic protein, molecular weight, endemic area, urinary schistosomiasis.

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 4729-6836 Vol. 6 (12), pp. 001-006, December, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Frequency of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from blood in Vojvodina, Serbia during 2009 to 2010

Medić Deana*, Gusman Vera, Jelesić Zora and Mihajlović-Ukropina Mira

Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Center for Microbiology, Novi Sad, Serbia.

Accepted 16 April, 2019

Abstract

The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) varies between countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae originating from blood in the Vojvodina Province, Serbia. The study was conducted at Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina in Novi Sad, Serbia, in a two year period from January 2009 to December 2010. A total of 11894 blood samples from patients admitted to the Center were obtained for culture. Seventy-seven isolates of K. pneumoniae were reported. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and detection of ESBL production were carried out according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. The ESBL phenotype was detected in 16 (53.3%) and 32 (68.1%) isolates in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam increased from 43.7% in 2009 to 75% in 2010 while for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid decreased from 75 to 71.9% in the same period. Amikacin was more effective than gentamicin. More than 80% of isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole and ciprofloxacin. All ESBL-producing isolates tested were sensitive to carbapenems. This study shows a very high prevalence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae among hospitalized patients with bloodstream infections and suggests that amikacin should be considered as synergistic antibiotic for the treatment of these infections together with other antimicrobial drugs.

Key words: Klebsiella pneumoniae, blood culture, antimicrobial resistance, extended spectrum beta lactamase.

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 4729-6836 Vol. 6 (12), pp. 001-009, December, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Optimization and hyper-expressed production of lysine through chemical mutagenesis of Brevibacterium flavum by N-nitroso-N-ethylurea

Aisha Javed¹, Amer Jamil¹* and Saeed Rezaei-Zarchi²

¹Molecular Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan.

²Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Yazd, Iran.

Accepted 19 July, 2019

Abstract

One of best-known commercially produced amino acids is lysine, used as a feed additive to enhance its nutritional value. Some microorganisms have the capability of producing high amounts of lysine. Brevibacterium flavum was used for lysine production in this study. The bacterium was grown on nutrient agar medium. Following the optimization of culture conditions, the maximum growth was achieved after incubating the bacterial cells at 30°C (at pH 7.0), in the presence of 20 g/l corn steep liquor and glucose each, for 24 h. Incorporation of lactate, in the range between 2-12%, increased lysine production significantly (P>0.05). The mutagen, N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU) was used for the hyper-production of lysine. Before initiating the mutation program, B. flavum was grown on suitable production medium. Cells were then exposed to 35 mM ENU for 5-30 min. After washing the bacterial pellet with sodium citrate buffer and growing on seed culture medium containing methionine and threonine as auxotrophic requirements, lysine production was enhanced up to 125 g/l in the culture exposed to the mutagen for 5 min as compared to 81 g/l, produced from wild type bacterial cells (P>0.001). These findings indicate the increased lysine production capacity of B. flavum in the presence of appropriate amounts of essential nutrients, added to the culture medium.

Key words:Auxotrophs, Brevibacterium flavum, lysine, N-nitroso-N-ethylura, mutants.

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 4729-6836 Vol. 6 (11), pp. 001-004, November, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A comparison of fucidic acid and cefazoline released from cancellous human bone

Yunus Dogramaci¹*, Aydiner Kalaci¹, Burçin Özer², Raif Ozden¹, Onur Hapa¹ and Ahmet Nedim Yanat¹

¹Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey.

²Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey

Accepted 12 August, 2019

Abstract

This study was designed to determine the antibacterial activity of fucidic acid or cefazoline in cancellous bone obtained from patients undergoing total knee replacement. Thirty samples of cancellous bone were obtained from patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis of knee joints. The prophylactic antibiotics were infused to the subjects an hour before the operation. In the first group (15 samples) fucidic acid (500 mg intravenous) was used as a prophylactic antibiotics and 1^st generation of cephalosporin were used in the second group (15 samples) as the prophylaxis. Same strains of Staphyloccocus aureus were used to assess the antibiotic activity using the disc diffusion technique after 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21 and 28 days. The antibiotic efficacy was defined as an inhibition zone diameter of 10 mm. Inhibition zone diameters were significantly higher in fusidic acid than cefazoline specimens on the first, third and 14th day after the incubation (P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in the inhibition zone diameter at the seventh, 18^th and 21^st days. Evaluation of inhibition zone diameters showed that samples obtained from the first group (fucidic acid) had a longer duration of antibiotic release than that of second group (cefazolin). Fucidic acid shows a higher release and a longer antibacterial activity when used as a prophylactic antibiotic compared to cefazolin.

Key words: Human cancellous bone, preoperative prophylaxis, fucidic acid, cefazoline.