African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 4729-6836 Vol. 7 (2), pp. 001-008, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Effect of sex on prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with respect to blood pressure, BMI and WHR among Punjabi population

Tanveen Kaur, Divya Bishnoi and Badaruddoza*

Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Development University, Amritsar-143 005, Punjab, India.

Accepted 19 October, 2019

Abstract

The objective of the study is to assess the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on sex differences among Punjabi population. In the present cross-sectional study, a total of 400 individuals (range in age 30 to 70), constituting 203 male and 197 female individuals were recruited. All enrolling individuals were at high risk of type 2 diabetes. The present samples were selected for particular trait, therefore, this sample may be considered as non random sample with no overlapping. Almost all studied risk factors like age, age of onset, BMI, WHR, pulse rate, socioeconomic status, occupation and blood pressure phenotypes have higher correlation (p<0.001) with the occurrence of type 2 diabetes among both sexes. The males with type 2 diabetes are accompanied by more unfavourable variables such as BMI, waist circumference, WHR, SBP and DBP as compared to female type 2 diabetic individuals. Socioeconomic status, reproductive status (pre-menopause/ post-menopause) and physical activity have significant (p<0.001) impact on the occurrence of type 2 diabetes among female individuals. The multivariate regression analysis confirmed that age, BMI, WHR and socioeconomic status are significant predictor for the occurrence of type 2 diabetes among both sexes. The present multivariate analysis with respect to many environmental variables strengthen the hypothesis that alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, food habits, physical fitness and hours spent in watching TV and sleeping are significantly associated with the occurrence of Type 2 diabetes. It is interestingly observed that the pre-menopausal or round about pre- menopausal age of females is more prone to develop Type 2 diabetes as compared to postmenopausal age of females.

Key words: Type 2 diabetes, blood pressure, BMI, WHR, Punjabi population.

Full Length Research paper

Serum testosterone and lipids in relation to sexual dysfunction in males with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Umoh U, Charles-Davies M. A.* and Adeleye J.

¹Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

²Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Accepted 20 October, 2019

Abstract

Low serum testosterone is associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome (case 1), type 2 diabetes mellitus (case 2), and cardiovascular disease. This study aims at identifying possible alterations in circulating testosterone and their relationship with plasma lipids in case1 and case2. Ninety-two male subjects were recruited in this prospective, cross-sectional study from two major hospitals in Ibadan and environs, Nigeria. Demographic, sexual and anthropometric characteristics were obtained from questionnaires by use of standard methods. Blood samples (10 ml) were obtained for determination of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein by enzymatic methods while low density lipoprotein was calculated. Testosterone was analysed by Enzyme Immunoassay (Fortress Diagnostics, UK.). SPSS software version 16.0 was used for statistical analysis to find associations and relationships. Significantly lower concentrations of testosterone and high density lipoprotein, but higher concentrations of glucose in case 1 and 2 groups were observed compared with controls (p<0.05). Testosterone correlated positively with libido and nocturnal/early morning erection but inversely with erectile dysfunction only in case 2 (p<0.05). Deficient glucose uptake by the pituitary and the gonads and low circulating high density lipoprotein, consequence of insulin resistance could lead to hypogonadism. Dietary modulation and exercise may therefore be beneficial.

Key words: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, testosterone, dyslipidaemia.

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 4729-6836 Vol. 7 (1), pp. 001-006, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Anti-diabetic and some haematological effects of ethylacetate and n-butanol fractions of Ganoderma lucidum aqueous extract in alloxan - induced diabetic wistar rats

A. Mohammed¹*, A. B. Adelaiye¹, A. G. Bakari² and M. A. Mabrouk³

¹Department of Human Physiology, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria.

²Department of Medicine, ABUTH, Zaria, Nigeria.

³Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo.

Accepted 16 November, 2019

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus has become a major public health concern, especially in the developing countries. The current orthodox treatment modalities for diabetes mellitus have many drawbacks including undesirable side-effects and the high cost of long -term treatment. The aim of this study is to determine the anti- diabetic and some haematological effects of Ethylacetate and n-Butanol fractions of Ganoderma lucidum (Tuwon biri) aqueous extract in alloxan-induced diabetic. Preliminary phytochemical screening and acute toxicity studies of the two fractions of G. lucidum were carried out. A dose of 50 mg/kg of Ethylacetate and n-Butanol fraction of G. lucidum aqueous extract was given intraperitoneally daily for two weeks to the alloxan-induced wistar rats. Insulin was also used as a standard anti-diabetic drug and was given intraperitoneally to alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats. The fasting blood glucose levels were determined weekly for two weeks. At the end of the two weeks, the animals were sacrificed and blood samples were taken from all the groups for the determination of hematological parameters. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the two fractions of G. lucidum aqueous extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. The LD₅₀ was 1265 and 471 mg/kg for Ethylacetate and n-Butanol fractions of the G. lucidum aqueous extract respectively. There was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of 188.8 ± 19.51mg/dl and 162.8 ± 24.67 mg/dl of the fasting blood glucose of the alloxan-induced diabetic groups after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment with Ethylacetate fraction of G. lucidum aqueous extract respectively. Similarly, There was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of 182.2 ± 56.09 mg/dl and 148.8 ± 32.82 mg/dl of the fasting blood glucose of the alloxan-induced diabetic groups after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment with n-Butanol fraction of G. lucidum aqueous extract respectively. There was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction of 3.68 ± 0.28 × 10¹² /L in the red cell count of the n-Butanol fraction treated group. The total leukocytes showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase of 16.62 ± 0.53 × 10⁹ /L and 16.48 ± 1.35 × 10⁹ /L after the two weeks treatment with Ethylacetate and n-Butanol fractions of G. lucidum aqueous extract respectively. In conclusion, both Ethylacetate and n-Butanol fractions of G. lucidum aqueous extract were found to have potent anti-diabetic effects. The Ethylacetate fraction has no significant erythropoetic effect while the n-Butanol fraction showed a significant decrease in the red cell parameters.

Key words: Blood glucose, diabetes mellitus, Ganoderma lucidum, red blood cell, leucocytes.

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 4729-6836 Vol. 7 (1), pp. 001-003, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

Insulin resistance and blood pressure in Nigerian type 2 diabetic patients

A. G. Bakari* and G. C. Onyemelukwe

Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.

Accepted 06 November, 2019

Abstract

Considerable interest has been generated on the possible role of insulin resistance (IR) in the etiology and sustenance of hypertension among type-2 diabetic subjects. There is paucity of data on this relationship on African diabetic patients. The aim of this study is to show the relationship between homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) derived insulin resistance (IR) scores and blood pressure among type-2 diabetic patients in Nigeria. Anthropometric data, age, sex and duration of diagnosis of diabetes mellitus were taken. Blood pressures were measured using standard methods. Fasting plasma insulin (FPI) levels were measured using an ELISA technique. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels were measured using standard methods. Using the HOMA method, insulin resistance scores were derived for each subject. Forty type-2 diabetic patients 13 (32.5%) of whom were hypertensive and 27 (67.5%) of whom were normotensive were studied. Mean HOMA-IR scores were 1.96 ± 1.04 (range 0.49 – 2.92) among diabetic-hypertensive individuals and 2.28 ± 1.89 (range 0.39 – 7.6) among normotensive-diabetic patients (p = 0.5350). There was no significant correlation between mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and HOMA-IR score among the normotensive group was (r = +0.087, p > 0.5). There is no statistically significant relationship between mean arterial blood pressure and HOMA derived Insulin resistance in type-2 diabetic patients in this study.

Key words: Insulin resistance, blood pressure, type-2 diabetes, Nigerians, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).