African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 2756-3340 Vol. 10 (4), pp. 001-005, April, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluating the Methanol Leaf Extract of Vernonia glaberrima Welw. Ex O. Hoffm (Asteraceae) for its Antimicrobial Properties

Abdullahi, M. I.¹*, Uba, A.¹, Alebiosu, C. O.¹, Alhassan, A. M. ¹, Mode, S.¹, A. Umar ¹, Nasir, I.¹, S. S. Bello¹, Ibrahim, Z. Y. Y.², Yunusa, A.³ and Yusuf, A. J.¹

¹Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.

²Department of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.

³Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.

Accepted 3 September, 2022

Abstract

The emergence of multi-drug resistant microbes necessitates a continuous search for newer, effective antimicrobial agents. The crude methanol leaf extract of Vernonia glaberrima was screened for its antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms including Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant enterococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcusau reus, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter fetus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Candida tropicalis and Candida stellatoidea using agar diffusion and broth dilution methods. The result of the susceptibility test showed the extract (400μg) inhibited the growth of Methicillin-resistance S. aureus, Vancomycin resistant enterococci, S. aureus, H. pylori, P. fluorescens and C. stellatoidea with mean zone of inhibition range of 18 to 29 mm; the most susceptible organism was S. aureus (29 mm) and the least was the fungus, C. stellatoidea (18 mm). No activity was observed against L. monocytogenes, C. fetus, P. vulgaris and C. tropicalis. Sparfloxacin (5µg/ml) the standard antibacterial drug, had inhibitory activity against all the test organisms except H. pylori, P. flourescens, C. tropicalis and C. stellatoidea while the standard anti- fungal drug, Fluconazole (5µg/ml), showed activity only on the two fungi species, C. tropicalis and C. stellatoidea. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) ranges for the extract were 5 to 20 mg/ml and 10 to 40 mg/ml, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the methanol leaf extract of V. glaberrima contains bioactive principles that have good antibacterial and antifungal activity, validating the antimicrobial use of the plant in traditional medicine.

Key words: Vernonia glaberrima, extract, antimicrobial, MIC, MBC, evaluation.

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 2756-3340 Vol. 10 (2), pp. 001-010, February, 2023. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Review

Understanding the Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei Infections: A Comparative Approach

Jerry Ngutor Abenga

Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]; Mobile phones:+2348035877411, +2347056574343

Accepted 04 December, 2022

Abstract

Almost more than any other disease affecting both people and livestock, trypanosomiasis straddles the ground between human health, livestock health, agricultural production and rural development. Consequently tackling trypanosomiasis has the potential to impact on all the development goals of many nations and international Organizations such as FAO and WHO which includes eradication of extereme poverty. Although the number of new cases of the human disease appears to be on the decline, the number of infections in tourists returning from tropical Africa has not abated. Due to limited active surveillance in endemic nations, sleeping sickness remains an important disease in Africa, while some of the old transmission foci have remained active with the likelihood of new ones arising from animal reservoir hosts, earlier incriminated in outbreaks of Sleeping Sickness. Limited number of autopsy reports on Sleeping Sickness has resulted in poor knowledge of the pathogenesis and pathology of human trypanosome infections, essential for clinical management of the disease. Knowledge of the pathology therefore rests on incorporation of findings in T. brucei subspecie infection of animal models. This subgroup includes Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, causative agents of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) also known as Sleeping Sickness., and T. b. brucei, causative agent of Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT) also described as Nagana. These do not only share similarities in stage dependent clinical diseases, epizootiology, pathogenesis and pathological features but also share many common hosts and are morphologically indistinguishable. This review is therefore a summation of the common findings in pathogenesis and pathology of T. brucei subspecie in humans and animal models with the view to enhancing knowledge and control of Afican trypanosomiasis.

Keywords: Pathology, Trypanosoma brucei, man, animals.

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 2756-3340 Vol. 10 (2), pp. 001-010, February, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Isolation of Aerobic Bacteria from Wounds of Diabetic Patients Undergoing Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Khartoum State

^1*Ahmed Ibrahim Hashim ¹Amal Mubarak Hassan Mubarak, ¹Nosiba Ahmed Hassan Hamed, and ^2*Ahmed Bakheet Abd Alla

^1*Department of Microbiology- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology ²Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology -College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology

Accepted 07 June, 2018

Abstract

Background: Diabetic wound infection is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus, hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) can be used as an adjacent treatment for diabetic wound infection, it involves inhalation of 100% oxygen under a pressure greater than 1 atmospheric absolute. This was a longitudinal case study, in which the wound specimens were collected from AL-Dirby Centre and further processing was done at the Microbiology Laboratory, Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST), between January and July 2016. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on aerobic bacteria isolated from the wounds of diabetic patients attending Al-Dirby Center. Methodology: A total of 22 diabetic patients were involved in this study, their ages between 40 and 98 years. The majority of the patients were males 17 (77.3 %) and 5 (22.7%) were females, Insulin dependent diabetic patients were 15 (68.2%) and insulin independent diabetic patients were 7 (31.8%). A Questionnaire was used to collect data from the patients. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version (11.5). The results showed (78.1%) Gram-negative rods and (21.9%) Gram- positive cocci. The most frequent isolated bacteria were Proteus mirabilis 8(25%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6(18.7%), Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli 5 (15%), Proteus vulgaris 4(12.5%), and (Sterptococcus pyogenes, Serratia marcescens, Viridans streptococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) 1 (3.1%). Gram negative rods were more sensitive to Imipenem while Gram positive cocci were more sensitive to Gentamicin. Complete wound healing and bacterial eradication was observed in 17(77.3%) of the diabetic patients while incomplete wound healing and bacterial persistence was observed in only 5(22.7%). Conclusion: This study showed that HBOT could be a useful tool in woundstherapy.

Keywords: Diabetic wound, hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, AL-Dirby, Proteus mirabilis.

African Journal of Infectious Diseases Research ISSN 2756-3340 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-004, January, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A new Rhabdo virus Infection in Maize Plantations in Turkey

Filiz Ertunc

Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 06110 Ankara,Turkey. Email:[email protected]

Accepted 05 October, 2022

Abstract

Maize mosaicrhabdo virus (MMV) is devastating virus infection, causes serious crop losses, on the family Poaceae is especially on maize and transmitedby leaf hopper, Peregrinusmaidis. Samples were collected from leaves and stems of maize plants, from Bartın, Düzce, Sakarya and Zonguldak provinces of Turkey, in 2012-2013. They were tested against MMV antiserum by DAS-ELISA and also RT-PCR assay with a primers specific to glycoprotein gene of the virus, designed in our laboratory. 15 of the collected maize samples were found to be infected with MMV. Positive samples were mechanically inoculated to maize plant lets for propagation and maintain. MMV inoculated maize plants, show light mosaic symptoms were tested by ELISA and RT-PCR again, obtained bands were 470bp long. In electron microscopic observations, rhabdovirus-like particules were detected.So far to our knowledge, it is the first report of Maize mosaic rhabdovirus presence in Turkey.

Keywords: Maize, MMV, Rhabdovirus, RT-PCR, electromicrocopy