African Journal of Parasitology Research

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 13 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluating Mortality Rates in Ticks of Economic Significance Induced by Two Formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae

Marius Hedimbi¹*, Godwin P. Kaaya² and Kazhila C. Chinsembu¹

University of Namibia, ¹Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences,
²Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Animal Science, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia

Accepted 11 October, 2024

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare the infectivity of Metarhizium anisopliae at a concentration of 1 × 108 conidia/ml to developmental stages of Amblyomma variegatum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi in oil and water formulations. The fungus, M. anisopliae, induced 50-100% mortalities in all developmental stages of the tick species tested. R. e. evertsi was more susceptible to M. anisopliae than the other two tick species. However, there was no clear difference in mortality between fed and unfed instars of different tick species. Furthermore, engorged adults were more susceptible than unfed adult ticks. Oil formulated conidia induced significantly higher mortalities (P<0.05) than water formulated conidia. The results indicate that the type of conidia formulation is critical to the performance of fungi as biological control agents for ticks.

Keywords: Amblyomma variegatum, Formulation, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 13 (1), pp. 001-004, January, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Challenges of Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia coli in the Context of HIV/AIDS in Keffi, Nigeria

Ngwai YB*, Nwankwo HN, Adoga MP

Microbiology Unit, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Accepted 20 May, 2024

Abstract

Diarrhea is one of the major opportunistic infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), with the major causative agent being ESCHERICHIA COLI. This study investigates the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in ESCHERICHIA COLI from patients with HIV/AIDS attending the Federal Medical Center, Keffi, Nigeria. E. COLI from stool samples of consenting HIV/AIDS patients were isolated and tested for their susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). E. COLI was isolated at the rate of 76.7%. All the isolates were resistant to antibiotics with lower frequencies for gentamicin (56.1%) and streptomycin (56.8%). The most common resistance phenotypes were SXT, CH, SP, CIP, AM, AU, CN, PEF, S, OFX and SXT, CH, SP, CIP, AM, AU, PEF, OFX with frequencies at 26.5% and 27.3% respectively. All the E. COLI are multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) isolates with most (66, 50%) being jointly resistant to eight antibiotics. MAR indices were also very high (all above 0.2) and suggest prior exposure of all the isolates to antibiotics. The high isolation rate provides justification for the monitoring of HIV/AIDS patients for E. COLI; and testing for susceptibility to antibiotics before prescription will ensure adequate treatment of infection arising from these stool pathogens and reduction in the spread of bacterial resistant strain.

Key Words: Multi-drug resistance, Escherichia coli, HIV/AIDS.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (9), pp. 001-007, September, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance Risks in Branded and Unbranded Milk Products Available in Accra, Ghana

Mahami T¹*, Odonkor S², Yaro M¹, Adu-Gyamfi A¹

¹Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute (BNARI), of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission P. O. Box
LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
²Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission P. O. Box LG 80,

Legon-Accra, Ghana

Accepted 20 May, 2024

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is said to currently be the greatest challenge to the effective treatment of infections globally. This study evaluated the risks of antimicrobial resistant microbes associated with 8 types of branded and unbranded milk sold in Accra, Ghana. The study revealed that 6 categories of milk sampled were all contaminated whiles 2 categories were not. Common isolates identified were E.coli, Klebsiella spp , Enterobacter spp, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella tyhpi, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococccus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that all (100%) isolates were multi-resistant to Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Gentamycin, Cotrimoxazole, Ceturoxime and cefotaxime. Ceftriaxime was the most effective antimicrobial but even then, 90.57% of isolates were resistant to it. Antimicrobial resistant isolates were found in all types of milk sampled. Unpasteurized locally produced cow milk accounted for the highest (26.42%) of resistant microbes and imported skimmed milk the least (3.77%). The others were locally-produced pasteurized cow milk (20.75%), imported whole milk (11.32%), soya milk (22.64%) and powdered milk (15.09%). Even though the risk level varied from different types of milk, it cut across almost all types of milk. The study demonstrated that milk sold in Accra is a potential hazard of pathogenic food borne bacteria as well as antimicrobial resistant bacteria that may have public health implications. There is the need for some additional food safety measures to be applied before the consumption of milk.

Key words: Antimicrobial, resistance, bacteria, isolates, milk, contamination, pasteurization.
 

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (9), pp. 001-006, September, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Biosynthesis of L-Glutamic Acid by Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM 20300T and Arthrobacter globiformis MTCC 4299 Utilizing Muntingia calabura Linn. Fruits

Payala Vijayalakshmi*, Dhurjeti Sarvamangala

PhD Research scholar in Gitam institute of sciences, Gitam University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam-530 045 (Andhra Pradesh), INDIA
Asst. Prof. in Gitam institute of technology Gitam university, Rushikonda, visakhapatnam-530 045(A.P)

Accepted 20 May, 2024

Abstract

The present study was an illustrative investigation on L-Glutamic acid production by using two different bacterial strains like Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM 20300T and Arthrobacter globiformis MTCC 4299 employing a cheaply available fruit substrate of Muntingia calabura L. Owing to the high sugar content of these fruits and quick establishment process of its plant an attempt was made to utilize the fruits for the production of glutamic acid, the precursor of mono sodium glutamate (MSG), employing submerged fermentation. In these experiments, optimization of fermentation parameters could be done using an empirical strategy method to determine key factor ranges for the production of glutamic acid. After optimization of physicochemical parameters, the highest production of glutamic acid was obtained 15.1 mg/ml with Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM 20300T at pH 7.0, temperature 300C was maintained for 48h incubation time with urea, biotin and penicillin optimum concentration were being 2.0g/l, 1µg/l and 1U/ml respectively. On the other hand, the production of glutamic acid obtained with Arthrobacter globiformis MTCC 4299 was 10.7mg/ml at pH 7.0, temperature 300C time 48 h, urea 2.0g/l, biotin 4µg/l and penicillin concentration 15U/ml. Agitation at a speed of 120 rpm was favourable for the production. Eventually the product which was produced was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and subjected to crystallization at its isoelectric pH 3.2. Finally the product presence was confirmed by Liquid chromatography-Mass spectroscopy.

Keywords: Muntingia calabura L., Corynebacterium glutamicum, Arthrobacter globiformis, Glutamic acid, Fermentation and Crystallization.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (9), pp. 001-007, September, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Efficacy of Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy in Treating Seasonal and Perennial Allergic Rhinitis

Jonnagadala Latha¹, Vadde Ramakrishna*², George L Moses³, and Rallapalli Ramanjaneyulu¹

¹Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur - 515 003, (A.P) India.
²Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa – 516 003. India.
³Good Samaritan Kilpauk Lab Services, Kilpauk, Chennai – 600 010, India.

Accepted 15 May, 2024

Abstract

Allergen immunotherapy continues to be used worldwide in the management of allergic rhinitis and asthma. In the present study five aeroallergens (house dust, pollen, Parthenium, Aspergillus, cotton) were used in allergen specific immunotherapy and evaluated their sensitivity in 50 diagnosed allergic rhinitis patients. The levels of serum total IgE, specific IgE, IgG and eosinophil were measured in susceptible individuals before and after immunotherapy during 3 year study. Intradermal test revealed the house dust, pollens and cotton are important aeroallergens sensitizing population, since half of the patients were shown positive skin test to these aeroallergens. Elevated levels of eosinophil and total IgE were observed before immunotherapy in both sexes of all age groups. However, immunotherapy with above aeroallergens the eosinophil and total IgE levels significantly lowered. Conversely, the specific IgE antibodies formed after immunotherapy was significantly higher compared to control subjects (P<0.05). The 3 year successive allergen immunotherapy induced the IgG antibodies in patients which block the binding of IgE mast cells and down regulate allergic reactions. From the data it is clearly indicating that the highest sensitivity was noticed to House dust and Pollens in majority of the individuals. The present study showed a very good response to immunotherapy with significantly lowered allergic symptoms. Study suggests the allergen immunotherapy is an effective and well tolerated in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

Keywords: Aeroallergens - allergen specific immunotherapy – allergic rhinitis.
 

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (9), pp. 001-007, September, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Genotyping of HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 in Patients with Gastritis and Positive Rapid Urease Test Results

Nibras S. Al-Ammar¹, Ihsan E. Al-Saimary¹, Saad Sh. Hamadi², Ma Luo², Trevor Peterson¹ and Chris Czarnecki²

¹Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
²Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Accepted 26 July, 2024

Abstract

To study was carried out to know HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genotyping in gastritis patients with positive and negative RUT. This study was carried out in College of Medicine, University of Basrah. HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genotyping was done in College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnpeg, Canada during the period from April 2009 to July 2010. A total of 70 gastritis patients, 29 males and 41 females, were included in this study. Significant increased frequencies of DQB1*050101 and DQB1*050201 alleles were found in gastritis patients who showed (+ RUT), but with weak association (odds ratios were 0.83 and 0.79 respectively), as compared with gastritis patients who showed (- RUT).

Keywords: Genotype, HLA-DQA1 & HLA-DQB1, Gastritis, Iraq.