African Journal of Parasitology Research

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (8), pp. 001-005, August, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Root Extracts from Carica papaya L.

Doughari, J. H.*, Elmahmood, A. M. and Manzara, S.

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

Accepted 16 July, 2024

Abstract

The bioactive compounds of root extracts of Carica papaya L. were extracted, using water and organic solvents, and were investigated for antibacterial activity against somse pathogenic bacteria using the cup plate agar diffusion method. The aqueous extracts did not show significant activity, but the organic extracts had significant activity with the methanol extracts demonstrating the highest activity against the test bacteria. The extracts demonstrated higher activities against all the gram-negative bacteria than the gram-positive bacteria tested, with the highest activity (14 mm zone of inhibition) demonstrated against Salmonella typhi. Increase in temperature enhanced the activity of the extracts, while alkaline pH decreased the activity. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts ranged between 50-200 mg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical analyses showed that the extracts contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides and phenols. Carica papaya may be used for the treatment of gastroenteritis, uretritis, otitis media, typhoid fever and wound infections.

Key words: Carica papaya L., antibacterial activity, phytochemical analysis, antibiotics.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (8), pp. 001-012, August, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Genetic Variation and Evidence of Recombination in Isolates of Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV)

Md. Nazrul Islam, Afsar Raza Naqvi, Arif Tasleem Jan and Qazi Mohd. Rizwanul Haq.*

Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi – 110025, India

Accepted 17 June, 2024

Abstract

Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is the causal agent affecting banana production worldwide. Sequence analysis of replicase genes of BBTV isolates revealed that two Indian isolates under study, from Bhagalpur (Bihar), have one amino acid change (Alanine to Serine) at position number 95. The Stem Loop Common Region (CR-SL) was found to be highly conserved among BBTV isolates while CR-M exhibit greater homology with members of South Pacific group. Interestingly, DNA 2 CR-M of Bihar isolate (FJ605508) showed sequence homology with DNA 6 CR-M sequence indicating possible recombination between these two components. Such recombination event might occur in other genomic loci and could contribute towards viral evolution. Based on the phylogenetic studies (sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree) using all six DNA (DNA 1-6) including replicase and coat protein genes and CR-M region clearly indicates that our BBTV isolates belong to South Pacific group and are very close to Fiji and Myanmar isolates. On the basis of mix Phylogram of DNA components 1-6, we can assume that BBTV genome originated from a single component and during the course of evolution portion of DNA 3 and DNA 4 remained conserved.

Key Words: Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), Replicase, Coat Protein, CR-M, CR-SL, Phylogenetic analysis.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (8), pp. 001-004, August, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Retrospective Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Salmonella typhi from Clinical Samples

Doughari, J. H.¹*, Elmahmood, A. M¹. and Nggada, H. P.²

¹Department of Microbiology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University of Technology; PMB 2076 Yola.
Adamawa State, Nigeria.
²Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University or Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, PMB 6173 – Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Accepted 24 July, 2024

Due to reported cases of antimicrobial resistance by many pathogenic bacteria against many antibiotics worldwide, and the sparse nature of antimicrobial resistance data, a retrospective study was carried out on 744 isolates of Salmonella typhi obtained from 974 samples from four different hospitals in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria between 2001-2004 to determine the resistance pattern of S. typhi to the most commonly used antibiotics cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin. High rates of resistance was found in most of the isolates studied. Resistance rates were 92.3, 88.8, 79.6, 53.5 and 20% to amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and ciprofloxacin, respectively. The high percentage resistance to the antibiotics studied could be attributed to their prevailing usage and abuse in the area under study. The implication of the high percentage resistance recorded for the antibiotics is that only ciprofloxacin will effectively treat S. typhi infections. These results call for nationwide surveillance programme to monitor microbial trends and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Nigeria.

Key words: Antibiotics, resistance, surveillance, Nigeria, Salmonella typhi.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (8), pp. 001-004, August, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Multiplex PCR Analysis of Clostridium perfringens Isolates Associated with Necrotic Enteritis Outbreaks in Broiler Farms in Cairo

Effat, M. M¹*; Abdallah, Y. A.², Soheir, M. F.¹, and Rady, M. M.³

¹Microbiology and Immunology dept, National research centre, Giza, Egypt.
²Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbassia, Egypt.
³Poultry Diseases dept, National Research centre, Giza, Egypt.

Accepted 25 July 2024

Abstract

During the winter of 2006, outbreaks of severe entritis affected many broiler farms in the AL-Fayoum governorate, south of Cairo, Egypt. To identify the causative agent(s), bacterial isolates (14) from the diseased chickens were characterized phenotypically and biochemically. All isolates exhibited characteristics of Clostridium perfringens. Subsequently, molecular typing of the bacterial isolates was performed by multiplex PCR using four sets of primers specific for the genes encoding the C. perfringens, and toxins, respectively. A single amplicon, corresponding in size to the alpha ( ) toxin-encoding gene (approximately 402 bp), was amplified from all the bacterial isolates. It was therefore concluded that only C. perfringens type A was responsible for the disease outbreaks.

Key words: Clostridium perfringens- necrotic entritis – broiler chicken – multiplex PCR.
 

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (8), pp. 001-005, August, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessment of Salmonella enterica Contamination in Camel Milk Across Kenya

Matofari, J. W.,    Shitandi, A.*, Shalo, P. L., Nanua, N. J., Younan, M.

Guildford Dairy Institute, Egerton University Njoro, P.O. Box 536 Egerton 20107 Kenya.

Accepted 13 April, 2024

Abstract

This study was undertaken to conduct a baseline risk analysis of raw camel milk with special emphasis on Salmonella enterica serovars. Cross-sectional studies were designed to investigate the prevalence of S. enterica serovars in a major camel milk production zone of Kenya. A total of 196 samples were assessed for possible presence of S. enterica. The samples included composite milk from the individual camel udders, bulk milk from collection and market centres, faeces, soil and water samples. Of the 196 samples tested, 43% (84/196) were found to contain Salmonella species. Out of the 84, only 31% (26/84) was positively identified as S. enterica. S. enterica was found in all the sample categories that repre-sented the camel milk production environment. The results suggest that raw camel milk contamination by S. enterica was influenced by post-harvest handling of the product rather than camel infection by the pathogen. It was concluded that a need exists to formulate better regulation strategies for the safe handling of camel milk on rural Kenyan farms.

Key words: Camel milk; Salmonella enterica, Milk safety, Kenya.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (7), pp. 001-004, July, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Impact of Contaminated Irrigation Water on the Survival of Salmonella typhimurium in Rosemary and Barley Cultivated in Agricultural Fields

Dhiaf Amel¹ and Bakhrouf Amina²

¹Cabinet Dr Allaya. Ouled Salah 5116. Ksour Essef. Tunisia.
²Laboratoire de Recherche en Microbiologie et Santé. Hôpital de circonscription de Ksour Essef. 5180. Tunisia.

Accepted 27 April, 2024

Abstract

Animal wastes in the form of manure frequently contain enteric pathogenic microorganisms and land spreading can lead to pathogen entry into the food chain. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in soil, and on barley and rosemary plants. We observed that Salmonella typhimurium persisted for an extended period of time (203 to 231 days), and could be detected on infected vegetative parts of the rosemary and barley plants even after desiccation. After approximately two months, the colony morphology displayed a mucoid and rugose phenotype. Smooth colony morphology was acquired following incubation in nutrient broth and upon isolation from the digestive tracts of mice that had been challenged orally with stressed S. typhimurium. S. typhimurium was neither isolated from vegetative parts formed after plant contamination, nor from barley seeds and rosemary flowers.

Keywords: Salmonella, soil, rosemary, barley, contamination.