African Journal of Dentistry

African Journal of Dentistry ISSN 2756-3421 Vol. 12 (4), pp. 001-006, April, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Efficacy of a Self-Bonding Polymer in Reducing Plaque and Gingivitis: A Six-Month Pilot Trial

Sang E. Park¹*, Shigemi Ishikawa-Nagai¹, John D. Da Silva¹ and Rachel B. Ramoni²

¹Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood
Ave., Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

²Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Accepted 6 March, 2024

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of self-bonding polymer (SBP) (KISSCARE® Concentrated Gel, KISS-COTE Inc., Tampa, FL, USA) in relation to plaque attachment and subsequent gingival inflammation. This randomized blinded clinical study followed a split-mouth design and examined prospectively 15 participants over a 6-month period. The average plaque index (PI) and average gingival index (GI) were measured for the control and SBP groups at baseline (week 0) and again after 2, 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Within the SBP groups, mean PI and GI at baseline, respectively, were compared to the same measures at the follow-up visits. Additionally, the control and SBP groups were compared in terms of the change in PI and GI from baseline to each of the follow-up points. For most part, the average PI and the average GI improved in both the control and SBP groups. The improvement in GI was statistically significant in both groups at weeks 2 and 4, while the improvement in PI was statistically significant at all follow-up visits. Among the areas to which polymer was applied, the average PI was statistically significantly lower than baseline at all follow-up visits. The SBP group showed significantly greater decrease in GI values when compared with the control group at week 2 (P<0.005). The overall potential benefit of SBP was too small to be clinically substantial as it may be compounded by an increase in subjects’ attention to their oral hygiene during the clinical study.

Key words: Self-bonding polymer, gingival index, plaque index.
 

African Journal of Dentistry ISSN 2756-3421 Vol. 12 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Case Report

Navigating Complications in Endodontic Treatment: A Case report of Accidental Sodium Hypochlorite Extrusion

Rupika Bither¹ and Saurab Bither²*

¹Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Luxmi Bai Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patiala,
Punjab, 147001 India.
²Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Luxmi Bai Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patiala, Punjab,
147001 India. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +919646002585.

Accepted 11 January, 2024

Abstract

Root canal irrigants play a significant role in the elimination of microorganisms, removal of debris and smear layer from the root canals, and tissue dissolution. However, there remains a risk of extrusion of irrigants beyond the root canal system. Sodium hypochlorite is the most commonly used irrigant in endodontics due to its ability to dissolve organic soft tissue in the root canal system and its action as a powerful antimicrobial agent. However, if the sodium hypochlorite comes into contact with vital tissues, it can lead to complications ranging from minor discomfort to severe tissue damage. The present case report discusses the inadvertent effects and management of accidental extrusion of sodium hypochlorite solution into the periradicular tissues through lateral perforation of maxillary right second premolar in the course of root canal treatment.

Key words: Sodium hypochlorite, irrigation, root canal treatment, extrusion.
 

African Journal of Dentistry ISSN 2756-3421 Vol. 12 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2024. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Investigating the relationship between salivary flow rate and chronic periodontitis among adults in Kenya

Muhammad Mbabali*, Tonnie K. Mulli and Evelyn Wagaiyu

Department of Periodontology, Community and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.

Accepted 22 June, 2023

Abstract

The study is aimed at determining the salivary flow rate (SFR) in adult Kenyans and investigates its relationship with chronic periodontitis. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on 333 participants (age between 18 and 45 years) among the patients attending Nairobi University Dental Hospital over a period of five months. Three groups were identified based on their periodontal status as healthy, gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected using the spit method. The British Society of Periodontology Basic Periodontal Examination index was used to determine the periodontal status of the participants. The salivary flow rate (g/min) ranged between 0.14 and 1.98 g/min in males and 0.08 and 1.68 g/min in females. The mean SFR was 0.66 ±0.31 g/min SD with a mode of 0.30 g/min. 256 participants were normal secretors within the range of 0.3 and 1.0 g/min, 43 were high secretors with over 1.0 g/min while 32 were low secretors with a range of 0.1 and 0.29 g/min. Participants with chronic periodontitis had a statistically significant higher salivary flow rate (M=0.68+0.33 SD) than those who had gingivitis (M=0.62+0.28 SD) with p=0.039. The unstimulated salivary flow rate in adult Kenyans is 0.66 g/min, which falls within the reported normal range. The salivary flow rate was found to increase with the severity of periodontitis suggesting a link between the two.

Key words: Saliva, salivary flow rate, chronic periodontitis.

African Journal of Dentistry ISSN 2756-3421 Vol. 11 (4), pp. 001-009, April, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Opinion

Oral Health Education and Promotion: A Critical Analysis of Current Approaches

Oscar William

Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London.

Abstract:

Oral health education and promotion play a crucial role in maintaining good oral hygiene and preventing oral diseases. This abstract provides a critical analysis of current approaches to oral health education and promotion, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses, and potential areas for improvement. Effective oral health education and promotion programs aim to increase awareness, knowledge, and skills related to oral hygiene practices. These programs typically target individuals of all ages, from children to older adults, and may be implemented in various settings such as schools, dental clinics, community centers, and workplaces. One common approach to oral health education is the use of educational materials such as brochures, pamphlets, posters, and videos. These materials often provide information on proper brushing techniques, the importance of regular dental check-ups, and the effects of diet on oral health. While these resources can be informative and visually appealing, their effectiveness may be limited by factors such as low literacy levels or language barriers among the target population. Another approach involves interactive educational sessions conducted by oral health professionals or educators. These sessions may include demonstrations of proper brushing and flossing techniques, discussions on the importance of a balanced diet for oral health, and hands-on activities to reinforce learning. Interactive sessions can be engaging and allow for direct interaction between educators and participants. However, they may require significant time and resources to organize, limiting their scalability. In recent years, digital technologies have emerged as a promising tool for oral health education and promotion. Mobile applications, websites, and online platforms offer interactive features such as virtual simulations of dental procedures or personalized oral hygiene plans. These digital tools have the advantage of being accessible anytime and anywhere, allowing individuals to learn at their own pace. However, their effectiveness may vary depending on factors such as internet access or digital literacy levels among the target population. Despite the various approaches available for oral health education and promotion, there are several challenges that need to be addressed. One key challenge is the lack of standardized guidelines and evaluation frameworks for assessing the effectiveness of these programs. Without clear metrics and evaluation methods, it becomes difficult to determine the impact of oral health education initiatives and make evidence-based improvements. Additionally, there is a need for more targeted approaches that consider the specific needs and cultural backgrounds of different populations. Oral health disparities exist among various socioeconomic groups, ethnicities, and geographic regions. Tailoring educational materials and interventions to address these disparities can help ensure that all individuals have equal access to oral health information and resources.

Keywords: oral health, education, promotion, approaches, analysis.

Introduction:

Oral health education and promotion play a crucial role in maintaining and improving the overall oral health of individuals and communities. It involves the dissemination of knowledge, raising awareness, and encouraging positive oral health behaviors. Effective oral health education and promotion strategies can contribute to the prevention of dental diseases, early detection of oral health issues, and the adoption of healthy oral hygiene practices.

This critical analysis aims to evaluate the current approaches used in oral health education and promotion. By examining these approaches, we can identify their strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement. Additionally, this analysis will explore the impact of these approaches on different populations, including children, adults, and vulnerable groups.

One of the primary objectives of oral health education and promotion is to increase knowledge about oral health and its importance. This includes educating individuals about proper brushing techniques, the importance of regular dental check-ups, and the role of diet in maintaining good oral health. By providing accurate information, individuals can make informed decisions regarding their oral health practices.

Furthermore, oral health education and promotion aim to raise awareness about common dental diseases such as tooth decay, gum disease, and oral cancer. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and preventive measures for these conditions, individuals can take proactive steps to protect their oral health. Moreover, promoting awareness can help reduce the stigma associated with dental problems and encourage individuals to seek timely treatment.

In addition to knowledge dissemination and awareness-raising, effective oral health education and promotion strategies should also focus on behavior change. It is not enough to simply provide information; individuals must be motivated to adopt healthy oral hygiene practices consistently. This may involve addressing barriers to behavior change such as lack of access to dental care or cultural beliefs that hinder preventive measures.

Moreover, it is essential to consider the diverse needs of different populations when designing oral health education programs. Children require age-appropriate educational materials and interactive activities to engage them in learning about oral health. Adults may benefit from targeted interventions that address specific risk factors such as smoking or poor diet. Vulnerable groups, including low-income individuals or those with disabilities, may require tailored approaches to ensure equitable access to oral health education and promotion.

To critically analyze the current approaches used in oral health education and promotion, it is necessary to evaluate their effectiveness based on measurable outcomes. This includes assessing changes in knowledge levels, behavior modification, and improvements in oral health indicators such as reduced prevalence of dental diseases or increased utilization of preventive dental services.

Discussion:

Oral health is an essential aspect of overall well-being, and promoting good oral hygiene practices is crucial for maintaining optimal oral health. Oral health education and promotion play a vital role in preventing dental diseases, improving oral hygiene practices, and enhancing the quality of life for individuals. This discussion aims to critically analyze the current approaches used in oral health education and promotion, examining their effectiveness, limitations, and potential areas for improvement.

Current Approaches in Oral Health Education and Promotion:

1. Traditional Classroom-based Education:

One of the most common approaches to oral health education is through traditional classroom-based teaching. This method involves providing information on oral hygiene practices, dental diseases, and preventive measures to individuals or groups in a structured educational setting. Classroom-based education often utilizes lectures, presentations, videos, and interactive activities to convey knowledge and promote behavioral change.

Advantages:

- Classroom-based education allows for standardized delivery of information to a large audience.

- It provides an opportunity for individuals to ask questions and clarify doubts.

- The use of visual aids and interactive activities can enhance engagement and understanding.

Limitations:

- This approach may not effectively reach individuals who are unable to attend formal educational settings.

- The passive nature of learning in a classroom may limit long-term behavior change.

- The effectiveness of classroom-based education relies heavily on the skills and knowledge of the educator.

2. Community-based Programs:

Community-based programs aim to reach individuals outside of traditional educational settings by bringing oral health education directly to communities. These programs often involve partnerships between dental professionals, community organizations, schools, or local government agencies. They may include oral health screenings, demonstrations of proper brushing techniques, distribution of educational materials, and referrals for dental care.

Advantages:

- Community-based programs can reach underserved populations who may have limited access to dental care or educational resources.

- By engaging with communities directly, these programs can address specific oral health needs and tailor interventions accordingly.

- They provide an opportunity for individuals to receive hands-on demonstrations and personalized guidance.

Limitations:

- The sustainability of community-based programs may be challenging due to limited resources and funding.

- The impact of these programs may be difficult to measure accurately.

- There may be logistical challenges in coordinating and organizing community-based initiatives.

3. Digital and Technological Approaches:

With the advancement of technology, digital and technological approaches have emerged as innovative methods for oral health education and promotion. These approaches include websites, mobile applications, social media platforms, and interactive educational tools. They aim to engage individuals through user-friendly interfaces, interactive content, and personalized feedback.

Advantages:

- Digital approaches have the potential to reach a wide audience globally, transcending geographical boundaries.

- They offer flexibility in terms of accessing information at any time and place.

- Interactive features can enhance engagement and motivation for behavior change.

Limitations:

- Limited access to technology or internet connectivity may hinder the effectiveness of digital approaches.

- The credibility and accuracy of online information may vary, leading to potential misinformation.

- Digital approaches may not effectively target individuals who are less technologically inclined or prefer traditional methods of learning.

Critical Analysis and Areas for Improvement:

While the current approaches in oral health education and promotion have their advantages, there are several areas that require attention for improvement:

1. Tailoring Interventions: One-size-fits-all approaches may not effectively address the diverse oral health needs of different populations. Customizing interventions based on socioeconomic factors, cultural beliefs, age groups, and literacy levels can enhance their relevance and impact.

2. Long-term Behavior Change: Many current approaches focus on providing information but often fail to facilitate long-term behavior change. Incorporating strategies such as motivational interviewing, goal setting, and follow-up support can increase the likelihood of sustained positive oral health practices.

3. Collaboration and Integration: Strengthening collaboration between oral health professionals, educators, policymakers, and community organizations is crucial for developing comprehensive and integrated oral health promotion strategies. By working together, these stakeholders can leverage their expertise and resources to create impactful interventions.

Oral health education and promotion are essential components of maintaining good oral hygiene practices and preventing dental diseases. While current approaches such as traditional classroom-based education, community-based programs, and digital approaches have their merits, there is room for improvement. Tailoring interventions, focusing on long-term behavior change, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders are key areas that require attention to enhance the effectiveness of oral health education and promotion efforts.

Conclusion:

the critical analysis of current approaches to oral health education and promotion reveals both strengths and weaknesses in existing strategies. While efforts have been made to raise awareness about oral health and encourage preventive measures, there are still areas that require improvement.

One of the key strengths of current approaches is the emphasis on early education and prevention. Many programs target children and adolescents, recognizing the importance of instilling good oral hygiene habits from a young age. By teaching proper brushing techniques, promoting regular dental check-ups, and highlighting the importance of a healthy diet, these initiatives aim to prevent oral diseases before they occur.

Another positive aspect is the integration of technology in oral health education. With the rise of digital platforms and mobile applications, individuals now have access to a wealth of information at their fingertips. These resources provide interactive tools, educational videos, and personalized advice, making oral health education more engaging and accessible to a wider audience.

Furthermore, community-based programs play a crucial role in reaching underserved populations. These initiatives often collaborate with local schools, healthcare providers, and community centers to deliver oral health education directly to those who may not have easy access to dental care. By targeting specific communities and tailoring interventions to their needs, these programs can effectively address oral health disparities.

However, despite these strengths, there are several areas where current approaches fall short. One major limitation is the lack of comprehensive oral health education in school curricula. While some countries have integrated oral health into their educational systems, many others still do not prioritize this aspect of overall health. By neglecting oral health education in schools, important opportunities for early intervention and prevention are missed.

Additionally, there is a need for more culturally sensitive approaches to oral health education. Different cultural beliefs and practices can significantly impact oral health behaviors. Therefore, it is essential to develop strategies that consider cultural diversity and tailor interventions accordingly. This may involve collaborating with community leaders, engaging cultural influencers, or adapting educational materials to resonate with specific cultural contexts.

Furthermore, the accessibility and affordability of dental care remain significant barriers to oral health promotion. Many individuals, particularly those from low-income backgrounds or rural areas, face challenges in accessing dental services. Efforts should be made to address these disparities by advocating for policy changes, expanding dental insurance coverage, and increasing the availability of affordable dental clinics.

While current approaches to oral health education and promotion have made significant strides in raising awareness and promoting preventive measures, there are still areas that require improvement. By addressing the limitations discussed above, such as integrating oral health education into school curricula, developing culturally sensitive approaches, and improving access to dental care, we can enhance the effectiveness of oral health promotion efforts and ultimately improve overall oral health outcomes.

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