African Journal of Dentistry

African Journal of Dentistry ISSN 2756-3421 Vol. 10 (9), pp. 001-006, September, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Oral cancer: The Nigerian experience

Ahmed Oluwatoyin LAWAL*, Bamidele KOLUDE and Bukola Folasade ADEYEMI

Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

Accepted 25 September, 2022

Abstract

Oral cancer is one of the ten most common cancers worldwide and the five years survival rate is still disappointingly low. The incidence of oral cancer varies from different regions of the world with highest rates reported in the South-east Asia especially in India where oral cancer accounts for 15 - 40% of cancers and is the most common cancer in men. Although, tobacco and alcohol use are the most important risk factors in the development of oral cancer, some reports from Nigeria suggests otherwise. Tobacco and chronic alcohol use have been found to be low in cancer patients in various studies from Nigeria, whereas most of these patients are from the lower income, poorly educated class in the society. More so, oral cancer patients from a study in Nigeria were found to consume less fruits than controls and had statistically significant lower serum antioxidant vitamins levels when compared with a non-cancer group. We suggest that poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition and possibly a yet to be determined chronic infection may be more important risk factors than the well-established risk factors (tobacco and alcohol use) in the development of oral cancer in Nigerian cases.

Key words: Oral cancer, tobacco, alcohol, risk factors.

African Journal of Dentistry ISSN 2756-3421 Vol. 10 (7), pp. 001-007, July, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of ethanol extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyx on Streptococcus sanguinis viability in vitro biofilm based on crystal violet

Trijani Suwandi¹, Dewi Fatma Suniarti²* and Siti Wuryan Prayitno³

¹Resident Doctoral Program, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya No 4 Jakarta Pusat 10430, Indonesia.

²Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya No 4 Jakarta Pusat 10430, Indonesia.

³Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya No 4 Jakarta Pusat 10430, Indonesia.

Accepted 28 July, 2022

Abstract

Most dental and gingival pathology were triggered by oral biofilm which consisted of Streptococcus sanguinis as an early colonizer. S. sanguinis could elicit some pathological events such as dental caries, periodontal diseases. One of the strategies to achieve such result is with antimicrobial therapy. The widely known gold standard is the utilization of chlorhexidine which has also been known to discolor the tongue and dentition, also change in sensation and mucosal irritation. Those disadvantages have resulted in some research toward the therapy from natural resources, such as the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa. S. sanguinis between 20 and 24 h in biofilm was exposed to the ethanol extracts of H. sabdariffa calyx at the concentration of 0.2% to 50% for 60 min. Subsequently, the cellular viability was tested with crystal violet assay. As the positive control group, chlorhexidine 0.1% and 0.2% were used. The viability was expressed in percents toward the negative controls. The results were analyzed with one way ANOVA (P<0.05). The viability of S. sanguinis was tending to decrease as the concentration increases. The ethanol extract of H. sabdariffa calyx is capable of reducing the S.sanguinis viability in the biofilm, where the effectiveness of the ethanol extract of H. sabdariffa calyx as antibacterial agent was affected by biofilm formation phase. The effectiveness of the ethanol extract of H. sabdariffa calyx in reducing S. sanguinis viability is equal to chlorhexidine, at the adherence phase (20 h) and maturated phase (24 h) of biofilm

Key words: Ethanol extract, Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx, Streptococcus sanguinis, chlorhexidine, Biofilm, Viability.

African Journal of Dentistry ISSN 2756-3421 Vol. 10 (6), pp. 001-005, June, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full length research paper

Clinical and microbiological effects of systemic ciprofloxacin and metronidazole in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis

Nasrin Esfahanizadeh¹, Soroosh Khalilinejad^1*, Leyla Zonubi² and Hamidreza Daneshparvar

¹Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Iran. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].

²Department of Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

³Department of Forensic Medicine, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran.

Accepted 7 June, 2022

Abstract

Destructive periodontal disease is a concern because of the potential damage to the dentition and the financial burden of treatment. It is generally agreed that the microorganisms residing in periodontal pockets are responsible for periodontitis. Approximately 500 bacterial taxa inhabit periodontal pockets. Association between Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and destructive and progressive forms of periodontitis has been demonstrated by many authors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and clinical effects of systemic metronidazole-ciprofloxacin therapy. In this triple-blind controlled clinical randomized trial, 24 patients with at least 4 sites with 4 mm of clinical attachment loss and detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans were included. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. The patients in the test group received scaling/root planning (S/RP) and ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole, and the patients in the control group received S/RP and placebo representing the aforementioned antibiotics. Bacteria culturing and recording of clinical Att. loss (CAL), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were done at the baseline, 10 days, 3 and 6 months after the mechanical therapy. There was no significant difference between test and control groups in A. actinomycetemcomitans colony count, CAL, GI, PI and BOP at the baseline. A significant difference was seen in each group between baseline and each of the other research stages for all the recorded parameters. Test group showed a significant difference in A. actinomycetemcomitans colony count, BOP and GI on 3rd and 6th months of research as compared to the baseline. No significant difference was seen between two groups in CAL and PI. Application of ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole as an adjunctive to mechanical therapy has significant effects on periodontal clinical parameters and eradication of A. actinomycetemcomitans from periodontal tissues.

Key words: Ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, periodontitis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.

African Journal of Dentistry ISSN 2756-3421 Vol. 10 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in dromedary camels and awareness of pastoralists about its zoonotic importance in Eastern Ethiopia

Ashenafi Feyisa Beyi¹*, Keleab Zerom Gezahegne², Abiy Mussa³, Gobena Ameni⁴ and Mohammed Sanni Ali¹

¹Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.

²Semera University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 132, Semera, Ethiopia.

³Haramaya University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.

⁴Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, P.O. Box 1167, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Accepted 17 May, 2022

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate bovine tuberculosis in camels which was conducted in Eastern part of Ethiopia using post mortem examination, Mycobaterium isolation, tuberculin skin test and questionnaire based interview. Tuberculosis (TB) is an important disease for pastoralist, particularly due to prevailing habit of consuming raw milk and sharing house during night time with their animals. This study has showed prevalence rate of 8.3% (33/398) based on the post mortem examination and 6.0% (29/480) at cut off >4 mm based on the tuberculin test. From 33 camels with suspected tuberculosis compatible lesions, 12% (4/33) showed mycobacterial growth on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) media supplemented with pyruvate and 18% (6/33) on LJ media supplemented with glycerol. 94.7% (36/38) of the interviewed pastoralists knew about TB while only 50% (19/38) were aware about its zoonotic importance. However, only 18.4% (7/38) of the interviewed camel owners usually boil camel milk before consumption. The result of this study highlights the potential public health risk posed by TB from camels. Hence, prompt measures are required to control the possible zoonotic transmission of the disease-prioritizing on educating the pastoralist to consume camel milk after boiling.

Key words: Dromedary camel, tuberculosis-compatible lesions, tuberculin test, zoonotic importance.

African Journal of Dentistry ISSN 2756-3421 Vol. 10 (4), pp. 001-007,April, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Traumatic dental injury in primary teeth: Knowledge and management in Brazilian preschool teachers

Lívia Azeredo Alves Antunes^1*, Raíza Tofoli Pretti², Laís Feitosa Lima², Vitória Esteves Salgado², Mariane Hemerly Almeida² and Leonardo Santos Antunes¹

¹Department of Specific Formation, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Brazil.

²School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Brazil.

Accepted 3 April , 2022

Abstract

Knowledge about the importance of primary teeth and correct attitudes in dental trauma emergency procedures can lead to adequate care, improving the prognosis and avoiding serious consequences for the child primary and permanent dentition. The aim this study was to evaluate the knowledge and behavior in a group of Brazilian preschool teachers, relative to dental trauma in primary teeth. In this cross-sectional study, preschool teachers from 32 public kindergartens answered a questionnaire to characterize their knowledge and behaviors about trauma to primary teeth and the relationship to educational level, work experience, experience with dental trauma and first aid training (Fisher exact test, p<0.05). Of the 213 teachers, 93.9% had no knowledge about dental trauma. Only 23% of the professionals had received any first aid training and 16.3% of these had touched on the topic of dental trauma. No relationship was observed between professional experience and first aid training and the behavior of preschool teachers faced with dental trauma. In terms of educational level there was relationship only with respect to the time to seek treatment (p=0.02). Comparisons between dental trauma experience and the behavior of the preschool teachers was significant to procedures for a primary tooth fracture (p=0.02). The knowledge of this group of preschool teachers is not adequate and this lack of preparation prevents the correct procedures from being followed when an accident occurs, thus leaving the management of such accidents to be guided by beliefs.

Key words: Teachers, questionnaire survey, traumatic dental occlusion, deciduous teeth, cross-sectional study.

African Journal of Dentistry ISSN 2756-3421 Vol. 10 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The prevalence of oro-dental anomalies among 14-17 years students in Panchkula District Haryana, India

Preety Gupta*, Nidhi Gupta, Rajesh Gupta, Vikram Arora and Nishant Mehta

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Swami Devi Dyal Hospital and Dental College, Haryana, India.

Accepted 26, February, 2022

Abstract

The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of oro-dental anomalies among 14 to 17 years students in Panchkula District Haryana, India. Oral examination among 3248 students (1608 males and 1640 females) aged 14 to 17 years in Panchkula District of Haryana was carried out in 18 secondary and intermediate schools. Oro-dental developmental anomalies seen in 946 students represents 29.1% of the studied sample, 42.1% males and 57.9% females; there was a significant statistical difference between them. Majority of the oro-dental developmental anomalies were presented in 16 years age group in the sample. The study reported that 29.8% of the participants were affected with atleast one dental anomaly. Enamel hypoplasia, followed by microdontia was the most common findings. Geographic tongue, commissural lip pits, fissured tongue and lingual varicosities showed a significant statistical difference among the two genders.

Key words: Oral anomalies, dental anomalies, prevalence.