ISSN 2167-0404
Research Article
International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences ISSN 2167-0404 Vol. 10 (8), pp. 001-004, August, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Hepatotoxic and hemolytic effects of acute exposure of rats to artesunate overdose
Omotuyi, I. O. 1, Nwangwu S. C.2, Okugbo, O. T.1, Okoye, O. T.2, Ojieh, G. C.3 and Wogu, D. M.1
1Department of Basic and Applied Science, Benson Idahosa University, Benin Nigeria.
2Department of Biochemistry, Igbinedion University, Okada Nigeria
3Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
Accepted 13 April, 2020
Abstract
Hepatotoxic and hemolytic effects of artesunate overdose were examined in rats. Forty (40) rats were grouped randomly into four designated as A, B, C, and D. and were given oral administration of artesunate as follows: 0 mg/kg (control), 1 mg/kg (Under-dose), 2 mg/kg (Normal dose) and 4 mg/kg (Overdose) respectively. The administration was continued for 5 days. Hepatotoxicity was monitored in the rats as a function of changes in serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total serum albumin and malondiadehyde (MDA) level. The hemolytic effect of this drug was monitored by changes in the packed cell volume (PCV), total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin and malondiadehyde (MDA) levels of erythrocyte. For group D (overdose group) subjects when compared with the control (group A), there was significant (p<0.05) decrease in serum albumin and hematocrit, but significant increase in serum levels of total bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin. An increased hepatocyte and erythrocyte malondiadehyde level was also observed in group D. The result also shows increased activities for the serum enzymes in all the groups when compared with control group but significant increase was recorded for groups C and D. There is a clear indication that hepatotoxicity and hemotoxicity are associated with artesunate administration at both required and overdose conditions however these effects are magnified in overdose conditions.
Key words: Artesunate, hepatotoxicity, hemotoxicity, serum enzymes, bilirubin, malondialdehyde.
Okoye , G. C and Wogu, D. M, Omotuyi , Nwangwu S. C, O. T, Okugbo , O. T, Ojieh , I. O.
Page: 1 - 4
Research Article
International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences ISSN 2167-0404 Vol. 10 (7), pp. 001-006, July, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Nitric oxide scavenging ability of ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata (Linn.)
Alisi, C. S and Onyeze, G. O. C
Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.
Accepted 22 May, 2020
Abstract
The nitric oxide (NO.) scavenging activities of Chromolaena odorata (Linn) King and Robinson, was investigated and compared with standard Plant Phenolic antioxidant Quercetin. Disodium pentacyanonitrosyl ferrate (2- ) dihydrate (sodium nitroprusside) was used as a nitric oxide donor. On disintegration at a physiological pH (7.2), 5 mmol/l of sodium nitroprusside generated a time dependent nitric oxide concentration which was scavenged in vitro by the extract. Inhibition of nitrite formation by Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Methanolic Extract of C. odorata (EAFCO), showed a dose-dependent response. Ability of EAFCO to scavenge nitric oxide radicals in vitro was compared to a standard Plant phenolic compound (Quercetin). Quercetin and EAFCO had IC50 = 50 and 380 µg/ml respectively and an IC100 of 2000 and 2800 µg/ml respectively. The overall result showed that the plant C. odorata is a good nitric oxide radical scavenger. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of chromolaena odorata extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Quantitative determination of total phenolic content shows that the EAFCO contains an appreciable amount of phenolic compounds and may be responsible for the observed potential.
Key words: Chromolaena odorata, nitric oxide scavenger, ethyl acetate fraction.
C. S and Onyeze, G. O. C, Alisi
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences ISSN 2167-0404 Vol. 10 (7), pp. 001-008, July, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Protein profiles of adrenal gland of neonatal rat treated with monosodium glutamate
Anuwat Wanthong, Sompong Thammasirirak and Khomsorn Lomthaisong*
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
Accepted 15 April, 2020
Abstract
Exposure to excessive monosodium glutamate (MSG) during neonatal life has been correlated with loss of function in stress response that might be involved in changes of adrenal activity. This study was designed to investigate the protein pattern and examine the mRNA level of proteins in the adrenal glands following MSG stimulation. Neonatal rats were subcutaneously administered with MSG at a concentration of 4 mg/g body wt for 15 days and adrenal glands were collected. Analysis of 2D-PAGE of adrenal extracts demonstrated that MSG induces an increase expression of HSC70, GRP75 and GRP78. In addition, MSG treatment affected to the pI of ALDH2 to more acidic. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed an up -regulation of HSC70 and GRP78 transcripts in adrenal gland of MSG-treated rats, while there were no changes in GRP75 and ALDH2 mRNA levels. This study showed that administration of MSG affects on adrenal gland at both level of protein expression and gene expression differentially suggesting a complex responding process of adrenal gland to MSG stimulation.
Key words. 2D-PAGE, adrenal glands, HPA axis, monosodium glutamate, proteomics.
Anuwat Wanthong, Sompong Thammasirirak and Khomsorn Lomthaisong*
Page: 1 - 8
Research Article
International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences ISSN 2167-0404 Vol. 10 (7), pp. 001-007, July, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Nicotinamide: A cytoprotectant against streptozotocin-induced diabetic damage in wistar rat brains
Safinaz S. Ibrahim1* and Sherine M. Rizk2
Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Accepted 15 June 2020
Abstract
Nicotinamide is being used in experimental and clinical trials examining the prevention of type-1 diabetes mellitus. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the antidiabetic and neuroprotective effects of nicotinamide require further analysis. Our goals are to evaluate the protective effect and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of nicotinamide against brain damage induced by type-1 diabetes in rats. Type-1 diabetes was induced by i.p injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). Ten days after the induction of diabetes, rats were divided into two groups, control diabetic group and nicotinamide-treated group. Nicotinamide was i.p administered at daily dose of 100 mg/kg for a period of 4 weeks. Another group of normal animals was served as normal control group. The diabetic group showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the content of brain DNA, RNA and glutathione, whereas, the contents of lipid peroxide, as malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide were significantly increased. The activities of aldose reductase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase were significantly increased, whereas, the activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase were significantly decreased. Nicotinamide administration produced restoration of brain malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, glutathione, RNA, DNA levels and the activities of the most measured enzymes. In conclusion, nicotinamide could ameliorate brain damage induced by type-1 diabetes in Wistar rats. The present data provide new approaches for the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms of the neuroprotective effect of nicotinamide.
Key words: Nicotinamide, STZ-diabetes, rat brain, polyol pathway, oxidative status, antioxidant systems, DNA and RNA levels.
Sherine M. Rizk, Safinaz S. Ibrahim*
Page: 1 - 7
Research Article
International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences ISSN 2167-0404 Vol. 10 (7), pp. 001-005, July, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Some properties of extracellular protease from Bacillus licheniformis LBBL-11 isolated from “iru”, a traditionally fermented African locust bean condiment
Folasade M. Olajuyigbe* and Joshua O. Ajele
Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B.704 Akure 340001, Nigeria.
Accepted 20 May, 2020
Abstract
Twelve strains of Bacillus licheniformis isolated from traditionally fermented African locust bean (iru) were evaluated in respect to production of protease on skim milk agar. B. licheniformis LBBL-11 exhibited the highest proteolytic activity with a diameter of clear zone measuring 35.0 mm. Production of protease from B. licheniformis LBBL-11 was further studied by growing the strain on nutrient broth. Maximum protease production was 18.4 U/ml at 48 hour of growth which coincided with the end of exponential phase. The protease from this Bacillus sp had optimum pH of 8.0 and was stable over a wide pH range of 5.0 - 11.0. The optimum temperature for the protease activity was 60oC. The enzyme was 95% stable at 60oC after 60 min of incubation. These properties indicate possible application of B. licheniformis LBBL-11 as potential starter culture for the fermentation of African locust bean under controlled conditions of temperature and pH.
Key words: Fermented locust bean, iru, protease, thermostable, Bacillus licheniformis.
Joshua O. Ajele, Folasade M. Olajuyigbe*
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences ISSN 2167-0404 Vol. 10 (6), pp. 001-009, June, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Attenuation of N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced liver carcinogenesis in rats by naturally occurring diallyl sulfide
Sherine M. Rizk and Safinaz S. Ibrahim*
Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Accepted 18 April, 2020
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the chemopreventive effects of diallyl sulfide (DAS), organosulfur compounds present in high amounts in garlic, against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. NDEA treatment to rats resulted in significantly elevated levels of serum aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and sorbitol dehydrogenase along with significant decrease in serum total protein and albumin/globulin ratio, which are indicative of hepatocellular damage. Hepatic malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels were also elevated. Hepatic glutathione, protein thiol, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, gammaglutamyl cysteine synthetase and gammaglutamyl transferase were significantly increased in NDEA-treated group as compared to the control rats indicating disturbances in oxidant/antioxidant status. A significant decrease in hepatic ATP level was recorded indicating failure of energy metabolism. Administration of DAS to the NDEA- treated rats resulted in restoration of most of enzymatic and non enzymatic liver function tests. Also, liver content of most of the measured oxidants and antioxidant systems, enzymatic as well as non enzymatic, were normalized. Moreover, administration of DAS to NDEA-treated rats showed significant increase in pyruvate, ATP contents and lactate dehydrogenase activity, along with decrease in lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio as compared to NDEA-treated rats. The histopathological examination of the liver sections confirmed these results. In conclusion, DAS could attenuate NDEA- induced hepatocarcinogenesis by improving the oxidant/antioxidant balance as well as the energy status of the hepatic tissue.
Key words: N-nitrosodiethylamine, hepatocarcinogenesis, diallyl sulfide, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, antioxidant systems.
Sherine M. Rizk, Safinaz S. Ibrahim*
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