ISSN 2756-3855
Short Communication
International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2091-1254 Vol. 6 (10), pp. 001-003, October, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Short Communication
Acute effect of administration of ethanol extracts of Ficus exasperata vahl on kidney function in albino rats
Ijeh Ifeoma Irene and Ukweni Ajike Iheanacho
Department of Biochemistry, College of Biological and Physical Sciences and Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, P.M.B 7267 Umuahia Abia State Nigeria.
Accepted 13 March, 2017
Abstract
Administration of ethanol extracts Ficus exasperata. Vahl at doses 50, 200, 500 mg/kg body weight resulted in body weight gain in all extract - administered groups over a 3-day period. Mean relative kidney weight increased from 7.5 x 10-3 ± 8.7 x 10-4 in the control group to 1.2 x 10-2 ± 5.3 x 10-5 in the highest dose group. Serum urea concentration also increased in a dose dependent manner (4.35 ± 0.045, 4.70 ± 0.00, 5.06 ± 0.53, 5.50 ± 0.58) in groups I, II, III and IV respectively. Serum sodium concentration also increased from 44.95 + 10.94 in the control group to 98.85 + 0.0, 123 ± 1.95 and 152.0± 35.70 in groups II, III, and IV respectively. These findings suggest that the administration of ethanol extracts of Ficus exasperata. Vahl at high doses could affect kidney function.
Key words: Ficus exasperata.Vahl, kidney function, ethanol extracts, serum, sodium, urea.
Ijeh Ifeoma Irene, Ukweni Ajike Iheanacho
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Research Article
International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2091-1254 Vol. 6 (9), pp. 001-005, September, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The histopathologic effects of Securidaca longepedunculata on heart, liver, kidney and lungs of rats
Dapar, L. P. Maxwelll*, Aguiyi, C. John1, Wannang, N. Noel 2, Gyang, S. Steven2 and Tanko, M. Naanlep3
1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria.
2Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria.
3Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria.
Accepted 04 April, 2018
Abstract
Securidaca longepedunculata is a savannah shrub commonly used by traditional medicine practitioners in Nigeria; the plant is reputed to have over one hundred medicinal indications. In this investigation, the histopathologic effects of S. longepedunculata on the heart, kidneys, liver and lungs of rats were examined. Albino rats (Sprague Dawley strain) weighing 200 – 250 g were given 2 mg/kg (I.P) of aqueous extract daily for fourteen days and then sacrificed. Tissues were harvested and processed for photomicrographic examinations. Extracts of the plant gave an LD 50 value of 37 mg/kg (I.P) and histological alterations monitored. In the kidneys, there was acute tubular necrosis with diffused interstitial and glumerular haemorrhage characteristic of irreversible cellular injury of the epithelium and parenchyma. Similar changes were observed in the liver showing severe ballooning degeneration of the hepatocytes, necrosis and formation of mallory bodies. In the lungs diffused alveolar and capillary damage as well as early formation of hyaline membranes were evident. The histological changes are similar to those produced by chronic ethanol and p-acetaminophene ingestion, suggesting the presence of toxic constituents. From these observations, it can be inferred that the use of S. longepedunculata may be associated with tissue structural damage of some vital organs.
Key words: Securidaca, longepedunculata, histopathologic, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, Uwar-magunguna.
L. P. Maxwell*, Gyang , Aguiyi , N. Noel, C. John, S. Steven and Tanko, Dapar , Wannang , M. Naanlep
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Short Communication
International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2091-1254 Vol. 6 (9), pp. 001-003, September, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Short Communication
The energy cost of kidney proton dialysis in sickle cell anaemia
Chidi G. Osuagwu
School of Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected].
Accepted 10 April, 2018
Abstract
The acidosis known to be associated with sickle cell anaemia is exploited in this work to estimate its energy cost to the kidney that has to dialyse the excess protons from the blood into urine against a concentration gradient, thereby doing significant extra work. The mean blood and urine pHs measured for the four discrete sickle cell states (42 subjects with approximately equal numbers of males and females per group, to minimise sex bias) are: HbAA = 7.39 ± 0.07 and 6.54 ± 0.15, HbAS = 7.35 ± 0.09 and 6.44 ± 0. 15, HbSS = 7.32 ± 0.08 and 5.89 ± 0. 39, HbSS-crisis = 7.15 ± 0.12 and 4.75 ± 0.46, respectively. From these data, the estimated enthalpies of dialysis, DHd, for each of the four states are: HbAA = 1.96RT 4.94 kJ, HbAS = 2.10RT 5.29 kJ, HbSS =3.29RT 8.29 kJ, and HbSS-crisis = 5.53RT 13.93 kJ. The estimated entropies of dialysis, TDSd, compared to the normal HbAA state are: HbAA = 0.00RT 0.00 kJ; HbAS = 0.14RT 0.35 kJ, HbSS = 1.34RT 3.38 kJ and HbSS-crisis = 3.57RT 8.99 kJ (R = 8.31J-mol-1 K-1 and T = 303K). The conclusion from this work is that sickle cell disease is very energy costly to the kidney as most of the energy for proton dialysis is wasted as a result of high entropy.
Key words: Sickle cell, anaemia, energy, kidney, dialysis, proton, and enthalpy
Chidi G. Osuagwu
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Review
International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2091-1254 Vol. 6 (8), pp. 001-010, August, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Review
Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors mediated by cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform
Srinivas Pentyala1,2,*, Aleef Rahman1, Supriya Mishra1, Sowmya Muthiki1, Emily Hughes1, Abhishek Bikkani1, Kathleen Cervo1, Christopher Maruso2 and Sardar Khan2
1Departments of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York
2Departments of Urology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York.
Accepted 06 April, 2018
Abstract
Novel drugs for Erectile Dysfunction (ED) must be assessed for their interactions with other already approved medications that are processed through similar metabolic pathways. The cytochrome P450 enzyme family, in particular 3A4 isoform, is ubiquitously used to oxidize azole antifungals, erythromycin, and HIV protease inhibitors. Administering multiple medications using cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 (3A4) as a primary metabolic route may cause unexpected toxicological effects in patients. Current U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ED drugs such as sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Levitra), and vardenafil (Cialis), all Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, are also metabolized by 3A4. The overlapping metabolic pathways for the above mentioned PDE-5 inhibitors are known, however it is still imperative to discover any negative clinical manifestations that may arise from their concomitant use or their use with other substrates that are metabolized by 3A4 enzyme. Worldwide, approximately 150 million men are struggling with ED, making this research a valid obligation. Consequently, interaction of the widely prescribed ED drugs and their interactions with 3A4 enzyme are discussed in this review.
Key words: Cytochrome P450, 3A4, erectile dysfunction, Viagra, Cialis, Levitra.
Aleef Rahman, Sowmya Muthiki, Christopher Maruso and Sardar Khan, Kathleen Cervo, Supriya Mishra, Srinivas Pentyala*, Emily Hughes, Abhishek Bikkani
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2091-1254 Vol. 6 (8), pp. 001-006, August, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research paper
Antibacterial potential of chosen mangrove plants against isolated urinary tract infectious bacterial pathogens
S. Ravikumar1*, M. Gnanadesigan1, P. Suganthi1 and A. Ramalakshmi2
1School of Marine Sciences, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, Alagappa University, Thondi Campus, Thondi, Ramanathapuram District- 623 409, Tamilnadu, India.
2Department of Biochemistry, Meenakshi Chandrasekaran Arts and Science College, Pattukottai, Tamilnadu, India.
Accepted 09 March, 2018
Abstract
Five Indian mangrove plants (Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops decandra, Avicennia marina) /parts (hypocotyls, bark, collar and flower) were investigated to evaluate the antibacterial activity against UTIs bacterial pathogens. Sixty nine bacterial strains were isolated from mid urine samples of 75 males and 75 females from Thondi coastal area, Ramanathapuram and were identified by conventional methods. Escherichia coli was predominant (41%) followed by P. aeruginosa (25%), Klebsilla pneumonia (22%), Enterobacter sp. (9%) and Streptococcus aureus (3%). The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of mangrove plants/parts was evaluated by disk diffusion method. R. mucronata (28%) and A. marina (27%) exhibited antibacterial activity against isolated UTIs. The plant parts hypocotyls showed highest antibacterial activity (38%) against the UTIs pathogens. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the plant parts revealed the presence of active compounds such as flavonoids, anthroquinone, phenolic group, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. The results provided evidence that, the studied plants might indeed be potential sources of anti UTIs bacterial pathogens
Key words: Antibacterial sensitivity, mangrove plants, phytochemicals, urinary tract infections (UTI), bacterial pathogens.
Raphael C. Ekeanyanwu*, Gideon I. Ogu
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Research Article
International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2091-1254 Vol. 6 (7), pp. 001-005, July, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research paper
Frequency of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections and its association with development of factor VIII inhibitor in hemophiliacs in Hamadan Province of Iran
Amir Houshang Mohammad Alizadeh*, Mehdi Rezazadeh, Mitra Ranjbar, Kianoush Donboli, Farahnaz Fallahian, Mehrdad Hadjilooi, Seyed Mohsen Mousavi, Mohammad Abbasi and Seyed Moayed Alavian
Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Shaheed Beheshti University of Tehran, School of Medical Science, 7th floor, Taleghani Hospital, Parvaneh Ave., Tabnak Street, Evin, Tehran, Iran-19857, P. O. Box: 19835-178.
Accepted 12 February, 2018
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of hepatitis B and C infections; to analyze the markers of inflammation and liver function tests; and to assess the possible association between factor VIII inhibitor and hepatitis C and/or hepatitis B infections in hemophiliacs of Hamadan province of Iran. Subjects with confirmed diagnosis of hemophilia who agreed to participate were recruited in this case-series study. Hepatitis B and C serology, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and factor VIII levels, and factor VIII inhibitor titer were analyzed. Frequency of anti hepatitis C antibody and hepatitis B surface antigen were 59.1 and 5%, respectively. Factor VIII inhibitor was present in 47.8% of hemophilia A group, and its presence was neither associated with hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections nor with AST, ALT levels. Student’s t-test showed a significant statistical association between duration of hemophilia and development of factor VIII inhibitor (p value = 0.038). Frequency of hepatitis B and C infections in hemophiliacs is significant. There was a significant association between duration of hemophilia and hepatitis C infection (p value <0.011). One suggestion is that current blood product screening methods for eliminating blood-borne viruses might not be effective enough. Further investigation is recommended.
Key words: Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hemophilia, Iran.
Mehdi Rezazadeh, Kianoush Donboli, Mehrdad Hadjilooi, Mohammad Abbasi and Seyed Moayed Alavian, Seyed Mohsen Mousavi, Farahnaz Fallahian, Amir Houshang Mohammad Alizadeh*, Mitra Ranjbar
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