International Journal of Urology and Nephrology

International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2756-3855 Vol. 10 (3), pp. 001-006, March, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Microbial conversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 to minor ginsenoside Rd by Indian fermented food bacteria

Kalaiselvi Senthil¹*, V. Veena¹, M. Mahalakshmi¹, Ramakrishna Pulla², Deok Chun Yang² and R. Parvatham¹

¹Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore- 641043, Tamilnadu, India.

²Department of Oriental Medicine material and processing, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, South Korea.

Accepted 17 April, 2021

Abstract

Ginsenoside Rb1 is the predominant secondary metabolite (saponin) in Panax ginseng. Hydrolysis of the sugar residues in Rb1 yields more pharmaceutically active ginsenosides like Rd, Rg3, F2, Rh2 and C-K. Among them, the minor ginsenoside Rd enhances the differentiation of neural stem cells, protects neurons from neurotoxic chemicals, decreases urea nitrogen and creatinine in kidney. It also protects the kidney from apoptosis and DNA fragmentation caused by cancer and chemical drugs and is more useful therapeutically than the major ginsenoside Rb1. Bacteria showing b- glucosidase activity were isolated from fermented Indian food using esculin-MRS agar. Bacteria from Amla in sugar syrup and Boiled Amla in jaggery syrup converted ginsenoside Rb1 to minor ginsenoside Rd. TLC and HPLC analysis showed that with increase in incubation time the conversion of Rb1 to Rd also increased. The 16s rDNA sequence was determined and the bacteria showed 93% sequence similarity to Brumimicrobium mesophilum.

Key words: Conversion, ginseng, ginsenoside, Rb1, Rd.

International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2756-3855 Vol. 10 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Tomato lycopene is a natural antioxidant and can alleviate hypercholesterolemia

Amany M. Basuny*, Ahmed M. Gaafar and Shaker M. Arafat

Food Technology Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

Accepted 27 October, 2021

Abstract

Lycopene of tomato wastes was extracted and determination. The level of tomato lycopene was 145.50 ppm. An aliquots of the concentrated tomato lycopene, represent 100, 200, 400 and 800 ppm; grade lycopene (200 ppm) and butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT, 200 ppm) were investigated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. These compounds were administered to rats fed on hypercholestrolemic diet daily form 10 weeks by stomach tube. Serum lipid contents (total lipids, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol), oxidative biomarkers (glutathione peroxidase and malonaldhyde), the liver (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities) and kidney (uric acid, urea and creatinine) function testes were measured to assess the safety limits of the lycopene in tomato wastes. The data of the aforementioned measurements indicated that the administration of tomato lycopene did not cause any changes in liver and kidney functions. On the contrary, rats fed on hyperchoestrolemic diet induced significant increases in the enzyme activities and the serum levels of total lipids, total cholesterol, low and high density lipoprotein and decreased levels of the glutathione peroxidase and malonaldhyde.

Key words: Lycopene, antioxidant activity, serum analysis, oxidative biomarkers.

International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2756-3855 Vol. 10 (2), pp. 001-008, February, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Development and application of a real-time quantitative PCR assay for determining expression of benzo-a-pyrene-Inducible cytochrome P450 1A in Nile tilapia (OREOCHROMIS  NILOTICUS)

Abeer A. I. Hassanin¹, Yoshino Kaminishi²*, Mohamed M. M. Osman³, Zamzam H. Abdel-Wahad⁴, Mohamed A. H. El -Kady⁵ and Takao Itakura⁶

^1,2,5,6Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan.

^1,3Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.

⁴Department of Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.

⁵The National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt.

Accepted 11 June, 2021

Abstract

Cytochrome P4501A’s (CYP1A) constitute a ubiquitous family of proteins associated with the detoxification of organic compounds such as PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl), PAH (polyaromatic hydrocarbons) and dioxin. These compounds are documented to induce the CYP1A gene in a variety of tissues of many fish species. Consequently, changes in CYP1A gene expression have been used as a biomarker for contaminant exposure in fish populations using a variety of techniques. Of all of these methods, quantitative PCR appears to be the most sensitive. It has been used to assess impact of environmental pollution in marine ecosystems using different fish models. Subsequently, for measuring benzo-a-pyrene (BaP) induction of CYP1A mRNA in different organs of tilapia (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS), ribosomal protein large P0-like protein (RPLP0-like protein) and β-actin genes as internal controls were selected based on previous studies to assess their expression variability. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) analysis of liver, intestine, gills and kidney revealed a distinct induced expression in liver and intestine (127.1 and 79.3 in liver, 26 and 56.1 in intestine using RPLP0 and β-actin genes respectively as internal controls) with no detectable expression in the other organs studied.

Key words: Benzo-a-pyrene, oreochromis, real-time PCR, internal control.

International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2756-3855 Vol. 10 (2), pp. 001-007, February, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Synthesis, antimicrobial potential and toxicological activities of Ni(II) complex of mefloquine hydrochloride

Joshua A. Obaleye², Johnson F. Adediji¹*, Ebenezer T. Olayinka¹ and Matthew A. Adebayo¹

¹Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University Oyo, P. M. B 1066, Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria.

²Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

Accepted 24 September, 2021

Abstract

Transition metal complex of Ni(II) with mefloquine hydrochloride (antimalaria drug) was synthesized using a template method. Chemical analysis including conductivity measurements and spectroscopic studies were used to propose the geometry and mode of binding of the ligand to metal ion. From analytical data, the stoichiometry of the complex has been found to be 1:1. Infrared spectral data also suggest that the ligand (mefloquine hydrochloride) behaves as a tridentate ligand with N:N:O donor sequence towards the metal ion. The complex generally showed octahedral coordinate geometry. Molar conductance of 10^-2 mol dm^-3 methanol solution of the complex indicated non-electrolytic nature of metal complex. It also revealed that the ligand anions were covalently bonded to the complex. In vivo evaluation of antimalarial studies of the metal complex shows greater activities when compared to the free ligand. Mefloquine and its metal complex increased significantly (p < 0.05) serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and significantly reduced these enzymes in the liver and kidney when compared to the control. This revealed that both mefloquine and its metal complex might show toxicity particularly on the liver and kidney with the metal complex group being mild.

Key words: Transition metal, antimicrobial, antimalarial drug, complexation, toxicological studies.

International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2756-3855 Vol. 9 (6), pp. 001-005, June, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper 

Phytochemical composition of Pleurotus tuber regium and effect of its dietary incorporation on body /organ weights and serum triacylglycerols in albino mice

Ijeh, Ifeoma I.¹ *, Okwujiako, Ikechukwu A.², Nwosu, Princess C.¹ and Nnodim, Henry I.²

¹Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. P. M. B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.

²Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. P. M. B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.

Accepted 16 September 2020

Abstract 

The phytochemical, mineral and nutrient compositions of Pleurotus tuber regium as well as the effect of its dietary incorporation on body organ weight and total triacylglycerols in albino mice (Mus musculus) was studied. Phytochemical composition analysis yielded (g/100g) saponins (2.19 ± 0.19), alkaloid (0.32±  0.07), flavonoids (2.84 ± 0.24) and oligosaccharides (14.14 ± 0.53). Proximate analysis gave moisture (12.87 ± 0.51), dry matter (87.13 ± 0.51), ash (2.97 ± 0.09), ether extract (1.06 ± 0.21), crude protein (222.10±  0.66), crude fibre (10.86 ± 0.58), carbohydrates (63.03 ± 1.12) and a calorific value of 349.98 ± 3.98. Mineral composition analysis yielded g/100g calcium (0.80 ± 0.00), magnesium (0.36 ± 0.06), potassium (0.40 ± 0.03), sodium (0.20 ± 0.05) and mg/100g copper (0.83 ± 0.00), zinc (1.35 ± 0.00), iron (5.02 ± 0.00), manganese (0.06 ± 0.00) and selenium ( 0.0025 ± 0.00). Dietary incorporation of P. tuber regium at 5 and 10% levels resulted in a non-significant dose dependent reduction in total triacyl glycerol concentration. There was also no significant change in percentage relative weight of vital organs such as liver, Intestines, kidney and pancreas.

Key words: Pleurotus tuber regium, phytochemicals, minerals, nutrients, lipids.

International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2756-3855 Vol. 9 (5), pp. 001-008, May, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper 

Toxicological implications of aqueous extract of Clematis brachiata Thunb. leaves in male Wistar rats

A. J. Afolayan^*, M. T. Yakubu, J. R. Appidi and M. Mostafa

Center for Phytomedicine Research, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.

Accepted 22 January, 2021

Abstract

Aqueous extract of Clematis brachiata Thunb. leaves at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was investigated for its toxic effect in male Wistar rats on days 1, 7 and 21. The extract at all the doses did not significantly (P > 0.05) alter the liver- and kidney-body weight ratio, conjugated bilirubin, total protein, globulin, sodium, potassium, chloride, inorganic phosphorus, calcium ions, LDL-C, RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC and RCDW levels throughout the exposure period. In contrast, albumin, urea, HDL-C, LUC, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils levels increased. The 100 mg/kg body weight of the extract significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the total bilirubin only at the end of the experimental period whereas the 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight increased the bilirubin content of the animals. Whereas the increase in serum GGT activity did not manifest until after the 21 daily doses of the extract, the activities of serum ALP and AST increased throughout the exposure period. In addition, serum ALT activity was not altered by the extract. WBC, platelet, lymphocytes, uric acid, triacylglycerol and the computed atherogenic index were reduced by the extract. The results have suggested that the aqueous extract of C. brachiata leaves may be clinically beneficial to the animals as it may not predispose to cardiovascular risk, but has selective toxic effect on the haematological parameters and the functional indices of the liver and kidney of male rats. Overall, the extract of C. brachiata leaves is not completely safe when repeatedly consumed for three weeks at the doses investigated for three weeks.

Key words: Clematis brachiata, cardiovascular risk, functional indices, haematological parameters, selective toxicity, serum lipids.