International Journal of Urology and Nephrology

International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2091-1254 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Synergistic effects of squalene and polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats

N. Dhandapani^1,2, B. Ganesan^1,3, R. Anandan ^3*, R. Jeyakumar¹, D. Rajaprabhu¹, R. Anbin Ezhilan¹

¹Department of Biochemistry, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed University), Ariyanoor, Salem-636308, India.

²Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R.V.S College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sulur, Coimbatore-641402, India.

³Biochemistry and Nutrition Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri (PO), Cochin-682029, India.

Accepted 12 January, 2020

Abstract

We have studied the synergistic effects of squalene and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA concentrate) on isoprenaline-induced infarction in rats with respect to changes in the levels of plasma diagnostic marker enzymes and myocardial antioxidant defense system. Intraperitoneal injection of isoprenaline caused a significant elevation in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes; alanine aminotranferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in plasma of experimental rats. There was a significant rise in the level of lipid peroxidation with concomitant decline in the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and in the activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes; glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and antiperoxidative enzymes; superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in heart tissue. Combined supplementation of squalene and PUFA concentrate significantly prevented the isoprenaline-induced elevations in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in plasma of experimental groups of rats. A tendency to counteract the isoprenaline induced lipid peroxidation was also noticed. Their combined administration maintained the level of GSH and the activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes and antiperoxidative enzymes at near normalcy. The results of the present study indicated that the combined administration of squalene and PUFA concentrate exerted significantly better cardio-protection against isoprenaline-intoxication as compared to that of per second supplementation.

Key words: Squalene, PUFA, isoprenaline, myocardial infarction, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense system.

International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2091-1254 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-009, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

n-Acetylcysteine for prevention of iodinated contrast-induced nephropathy in computed tomography angiography procedures in patients with chronic kidney disease

Cheang Cheng Ye, Endang Kumolosasi* and Chua Eng Wee

Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur.

Accepted 21 October, 2019

Abstract

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is used in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in our institution. The variation in clinical effects as a result of dosage differences between intravenous (IV) and oral administration warrants further investigation. This study primarily aimed to evaluate the incidence of CIN in patients with renal impairment, comparing those who received IV NAC with those receiving oral NAC. This was an observational, retrospective study conducted from 1st January, 2007 to 31st March, 2010. The study included 94 renally impaired patients (baseline glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 70 ml/min/1.73 m²) who had undergone iodinated-contrast procedure, and received either IV NAC (150 mg/kg pre-procedure, then 50 mg/kg post-procedure) or oral NAC (600 mg twice daily for one day before the procedure, then for two days after the procedure). The changes in serum creatinine (SCr) over time: pre-procedure, post-procedure 24, 48 and 72 h for both regimens were recorded and analysed. The overall incidence of CIN was 22% in IV NAC group versus 28.0% in the oral group (P = 0.403). CIN was found to be significantly associated with unstable renal function but not route of NAC administration. In patients with stable renal function, the incidence of CIN was 8.3% in the IV group versus 11.9% in the oral group; P = 1.000. In patients with unstable renal function, the incidence of CIN was 46.2 and 42.9% in the IV and oral groups, respectively; P = 0.863. Diabetes mellitus (odds ratio (OR)=  10.704, P = 0.018) and unstable renal status (OR = 6.800, P = 0.015) were the independent predictors of CIN by multivariate analysis. Both IV and oral NAC had comparable effects on the incidence of CIN in patients with stable renal status. However, both routes of NAC administration were less effective in preventing CIN in patients with unstable renal status.

Key words: N-acetylcysteine, iodinated contrast-induced nephropathy, computed tomography angiography procedures, unstable renal function, renal impairment.

International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2091-1254 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-011, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper                                                       

Some engineering properties of white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Esref Isik* and Halil Unal

Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University,16059 Bursa, Turkey.

Accepted 28 October, 2019

Abstract

Some engineering (physical and mechanical) properties of white kidney bean grains (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were determined as a function of moisture content in the range of 10.01 to 25.00% dry basis (d.b.). The average length, width and thickness were 8.638, 16.747 and 4.958 mm, at a moisture content of 10.01% d.b., respectively. Nonetheless, the thousand grain mass increased from 472.5 to 696.2 g, the projected area from 128.13 to 198.83 mm², the true density from 1128.05 to 1290.85 kgm^-3, the porosity from 39.79 to 56.38% and the terminal velocity from 5.51 to 8.50 ms^-1 in the moisture range from 10.01 to 25.01% d.b. The static coefficient of friction of white kidney bean grains increased linearly against surfaces of six structural materials, namely, rubber (0.501 to 0.727), stainless steel (0.384 to 0.468), aluminium (0.345 to 0.499), galvanized iron (0.346 to 0.489), medium density fibreboard (MDF) (0.325 to 0.426) and glass (0.287 to 0.345) as the moisture content increased from 10.01 to 25.00% d.b. The shelling resistance of white kidney bean grains decreased as the moisture content increased from 105.18 to 71.44 N.

Key words: Engineering (physical and mechanical) properties, white kidney beans, moisture content, thousand grain mass, static coefficient of friction.

International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2091-1254 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Combined effect of vanadium and nickel on lipid peroxidation and selected parameters of antioxidant system in liver and kidney of male rat

Kamal Emam Mahmoud^1,2,  Tamara Shalahmetova¹, Shaban Deraz² and  Bauyrzhan Umbayev¹

¹Department of Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.

²Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Minoufiya University, Minoufiya, Egypt.

Accepted 14 November, 2019

Abstract

In this investigation, hepatorenal antioxidant effects of combined oral administration of ammonium metavanadate (AMV; 0.15 mg V/ml) and nickel sulfate (NS; 0.18 mg Ni/ml) in male albino rats over a 21-day period have been evaluated. After administration of vanadium, lipid peroxidation (LPO) increased significantly (p < 0.001) in kidney and insignificantly (p > 0.05) in liver, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione –S-transferase (GST) activities increased significantly in kidney (p < 0.01) and decreased in liver (p < 0.001) whereas glutathione (GSH) content decreased (p < 0.001) in both organs. The exposure to nickel led to a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in SOD, GST activities in liver and GSH content in kidney and a significant (p < 0.001) increase in the hepatic MDA content and renal SOD activity. When the metals were administered in combination, the elevation of lipid peroxidation did not potentiate. However, the inhibition in hepatic SOD was augmented. In the other hand, the combined metals treatment slightly improved the decreased hepatic GST activity and induced the hepatorenal content of GSH. Signs of toxicity were observed following treatment with vanadium, not nickel nor combined vanadium and nickel. A reduction in cellular enzymatic (SOD) and non-enzymatic (GSH) antioxidants is clearly indicative of oxidative stress. The results of this study indicate that kidney is more vulnerable to the caused by vanadium and/or nickel-induced oxidative stress than liver, the oxidative capacity of nickel is much lower than vanadium as well as that the oxidative capacity of combined vanadium and nickel may be more markedly decreased than at separate exposure.

Key words: Oral, vanadium, nickel, antioxidant, hepatorenal, rats.

International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2091-1254 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Some morphological changes on the kidney of adult Wistar rats following administration of crude extract of Ocimum gratissimum

Ajibade A. J.*, Fakunle P. B., Ashamu E. A. and Owolabi S. O.

Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeira.

Accepted 20 September, 2019

Abstract

This study assessed the effect of leaf juice of Ocimum gratissimum used in the treatment of convulsion, epilepsy, malaria and stomach pain on the morphology of the kidney of Wistar rats. Thirty adult Wistar rats of both sexes were separated into 5 groups; A, B, C, D and E (n = 6 per group). The Wistar rats were subjected to different doses of aqueous extract of O. gratissimum leaves in order to determine the possible morphological changes in the kidney following the administration of the extract. The rats in group A were regarded as control and they received only distilled water throughout the period. The rats in group B, C, D and E were the treated groups and received aqueous extract of leaves of O. gratissimum daily at doses 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 g / kg body weight orally for 15 days, respectively. The animal were sacrificed on the 16th day by cervical dislocation and the kidney excised, fixed in 10% formal saline and processed for light microscopy using H&E staining methods. Findings from rat weights showed that there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the body weight of the treated rats compared with the control group. The histological study revealed dilation of the renal tubules as the doses increased while there was haemorhage at the interstitium and the glomeruli of treated rats. There was also focal interstitial chronic inflammation of the tissue with congestion of the blood vessels in the treated groups. The distorted kidney morphology, reduced bowan’s space, increased luminar diameter and dilation of the renal tubules may adversely affect renal functions.

Key word: Ocimum gratissimum, kidney, morphology, bowman’s space, distorted.

International Journal of Urology and Nephrology ISSN 2091-1254 Vol. 8 (2), pp. 001-011, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

NADP⁺- dependent isocritrate dehydrogenase from human kidney mitochondria

Musa Hasan Abu Zarga¹ and Mukaram Shikara^2*

¹Department of Chemistry, The Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan.

²Biotechnology Division, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.

Accepted 11 October, 2019

Abstract

_NADP-IDH was purified from the mitochondria of human kidney to homogeneity to about 1953-fold and a yield of 19.0%. The enzyme is a dimer with a molecular mass of about 220 to 240 kDa and dependent on Mn+2 or Mg+2 but other divalent cations do activate it at various degrees. Antibodies that were raised in the rabbit against the enzyme completely inhibited the activity of the enzyme, even when the enzyme could be protected partially by pre-incubating it with isocitrate or ADP. It can be protected fully by pre-incubating the enzyme with a mixture of isocitrate and ADP in the presence of Mg+2 or Mn+2. The Km values of the protected enzyme had the same Km values for the substrates as those for the purified enzyme. Mononucleotides phosphatases have no effect on NAD-IDH, but all trinucleotides phosphatases especially ATP inhibit the enzyme. The inhibition by ATP (or NADH) cannot be counteracted by ADP in the presence of isocitrate, so ADP cannot enhance NAD-IDH activity nor reverse inhibition by ATP (or NADH), while isocitrate will bind to the enzyme and prevent it from interacting with ADP. The activity of NADP-IDH in mitochondria is probably controlled in a complex way by NADPH, ATP and divalent ions.

Key words: NADP⁺-IDH, isocitrate, P cibacron blue, mitochondria, antibody interactions.