African Journal of Internal Medicine

African Journal of Internal Medicine ISSN 2326-7283 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 278-284, November, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Review

An evaluation of the location of mental foramen between races and its effect on the clinical treatment plan decision

*Ananda Najib Arshad, Dayang L. Zain and Jaclyn Karpal Francissca

Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia.

*Correspondence author. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 19 October, 2015

Abstract

The aim of the study is to evaluate the location of the mental foramen between races and its effect on the clinical treatment plan decision. In human the mental foramen is normally present as a single opening on each side of the mandible. Previous studies found the size, shape, number, location, and the direction of the opening of the mental foramen have many variations and these variations are influenced by race and sometimes gender. Mental foramen may not be detected in panoramic radiographs and usually bifurcates at inferior superior or medial lateral plane. After this literature review, we can conclude that the location of the mental foramen is variable between races, in vertical and horizontal direction. 3D imaging is needed if difficulty finds to locate the foramen with 2D radiograph to avoid nerve damaging or impairment during surgical procedures.

Key words: Mental foramen, Dental implant, Races, Nerve injury, Anatomical variation.

African Journal of Internal Medicine ISSN 2326-7283 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 238-241, November, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Determinants of non-immunological response with HIV infected patients on antiretroviral treatment in Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro SANOU, Bobo – Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)

Ouédraogo  SM¹^,², Sourabié Y¹^,², Sanodji N¹,  Sawadogo S⁵_, Barro M¹,  Ouattara A.B.I¹,  Traoré Y⁴, Nacro B¹^,³

¹Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sourô Sanou 01 BP 676 Bobo 01 Burkina Faso.

²Institut supérieur des sciences de la santé, Université  polytechnique de Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.

³Unité de Recherche et de Formation des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Ouagadougou.

⁴Unité de Recherche et de Formation des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Ouagadougou.

⁵Unité de Recherche et de Formation des Sciences De la Santé, Université de Ouagadougou. 

Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]. Tel. 00226)70207076.

Accepted 22 October, 2015

Abstract

Objective: To study the determinants of non-immunological response with HIV infected patients on antiretroviral treatment in Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro SANOU (CHUSS), Bobo – Dioulasso. Methods: It was a historical cohort study from 2010 to 2014. We included all patients aged 1-18, infected with HIV and on antiretroviral (ARV) treatment followed at the pediatric day hospital and the Internal Medicine of CHUSS and non responders (INR) to ARV treatment. The INR was evaluated by the numeration of CD4 + cells on a flow cytometer (FACSCount V1.5). HIV patients were apportion according to the regimens received. (AZT + 3TC + NVP, AZT + 3TC + EFV; AZT + 3TC + LPV / r and AZT + ddI + EFV). A total of 351 children were followed clinically and biologically respectively in the pediatric departments of internal medicine and laboratory. The average age of patients was 12 years ± 5.6 with extremes from 1 to 18 years. The prevalence of immunological non-responders (INR) in our cohort was 9% (31/351) on antiretroviral treatment over an average period of 3.5 years. Of these, 3.41% were at WHO Stage C. Among the determinants to INR, males were found to be 5.98% (21/351) whose CD4 rate was 14%, type of ARV molecule, type of HIV. With 13% of INR, were prescribed AZT + 3TC + NVP regime. The average weight of the patients their age, and the average CD4 rate at treatment initiation were not found as determinants to INR. Conclusion: All the INR was HIV-1 and 13% were under AZT + 3TC + NVP regimen, the possibility of existence of stem CXCR4 is not excluded even if we had not been able to explore it due to financial constraints.

Keywords: Non immunological responders, HIV, antiretroviral treatment, Burkina Faso.

African Journal of Internal Medicine ISSN 2326-7283 Vol. 3 (9), pp. 218-232, October, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

An evaluation of the effect of women’s perceptions IPTp₂ uptake to support the need for appropriate interventions to strengthen IPTp programs in malaria-endemic countries

*Kalonzo B. Waiguru, Imam K. E. and Daniel Evans Orengo

Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mt. Kenya University, Thika, Kenya.

Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, St. Paul's University, Kenya.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 17 August, 2015

Abstract

Intermittent Preventive Treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is a key intervention for malaria prevention. Bungoma East District falls within the malaria-endemic zone of Kenya, with an infection risk class of 20%, or higher. Even though malaria accounts for about 41% of maternal deaths in the District, uptake of the second dose (IPTp₂) remains below the Roll Back Malaria target. Perceptions about a disease and prophylactic interventions are likely to influence health behavior. This study set to determine women’s perceptions influencing IPTp₂ uptake to support the need for appropriate interventions to strengthen IPTp programs in malaria-endemic countries. We applied the cross-sectional survey design and sourced primary data from 278 women who were at the twenty-fourth week, or more of gestation, aged between 15 and 49 years, had not experienced malaria during the pregnancy, and were not on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Analysis techniques included independent samples t-test, cross-tabulations with Chi Square statistic and binary logistic regression. Women believing that they were ‘very susceptible’ to malaria infection had about 2.3 times the odds of taking IPTp₂+ as those indicating that they were ‘not susceptible’ (β = 0·813, SE = 0·239, 95% CI = 1·41-3·60). Women perceiving that SP tablets were ‘very useful’ had 1·7 times the odds of taking IPTp₂+ as those believing that SP tablets were ‘not useful’ (β = 0·552, SE = 0·139, 95% CI = 1·32-2·28). Women perceiving that SP tablets were ‘very safe’ for use during pregnancy had about 25·4 times the odds of taking IPTp₂+ as those believing that SP tablets were ‘not safe’ (β = 3·235, SE = 0·63, 95% CI = 21·54-29·40). The stronger the conviction about personal susceptibility to infection, as well as usefulness and safety of SP tablets, the higher the odds of IPTp₂+ uptake. Strengthening health education interventions at the antenatal clinics is likely to re-orient negative perceptions, dispel misconceptions, and clear the way for IPTp₂+ uptake.

Key words: Perceptions, service uptake, intermittent prophylactic treatment, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.

African Journal of Internal Medicine ISSN 2326-7283 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 233-236, November, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A study of the assessment of the knowledge of the public about medication

*¹Anil Rai Anita, Madhuri Jinnah², Zakir Mistry² and Omar M. Ambani¹

¹Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mumbai, India.

²Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Manipal University, Manipal, India.

Accepted 14 October, 2015

Abstract

The rational use of medicines is a healthy practice for both the prescribers and consumers with the help of responsible use of medicines. People’s knowledge plays a vital role in this issue. This study was undertaken to assess the knowledge of public about medication. Observational descriptive study was done during 2008. Study population was 500 general public chosen through convenient sampling. Study variables were age, sex, education, occupation, and knowledge about medicine use. The predesigned, pretested questionnaire was used to collect data after taking verbal consent. Participants’ age ranged from 18 to 53 years; out of which 84% were males and 16% were females. The level of education of the participants varied. Majority (87.8%) possessed the basic idea about drug. One fourth of the respondents (25.6%) had idea about the trade name and generic name of medicine. Just less than half (47.4%) did not know about the storage of drugs; less than one third (30.4%) did not ask about the side effects of medicines. Two-fifth of the respondents (39.0%) practiced self-medication. The interaction between the patient and the doctor was clearly inadequate about the proper use and understanding of medicines. How and when to take their medicines was similar to the findings of Abdo-Rabbo study. Gulf region study revealed the non-adherence (50%) with their prescription. Seventy one percent of the study population reported poor compliance in Gezira State, Sudan. The prevalence of self medication was similar to Oman study (43.0%) and Saudi Arabia study (43.5%) but lower than West Bengal study (89.0%) and Sudan study (81.8%). There was huge gap in knowledge with respect to rational drug use among the general population studied.

Key words: Drug use, peoples’ knowledge, West Bengal.

African Journal of Internal Medicine ISSN 2326-7283 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 237-238, November, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

An evaluation of the efficacy of platelet rich plasma (PRP) in regeneration of bone in defects of the oral and maxillofacial region

Omar M. Ambani

Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mumbai, India.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 18 October, 2015

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of platelet rich plasma (PRP) in regeneration of bone in defects of the oral and maxillofacial region. A comparative nonrandomized study including 40 patients with bony defects of the maxillofacial region was carried out in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Patients were divided into two groups: group A received PRP and in group B no graft was used. Postoperatively, the patients were monitored regularly by radiographs to evaluate new bone growth at 1^st, 3^rd and 6^th month clinically and radiographically. Faster bone healing was observed in the patients in whom PRP was used at every follow up. Defects filled with PRP showed comparatively earlier and faster bone regeneration.

Key words: Bony defects, platelet-rich plasma, platelets.

African Journal of Internal Medicine ISSN 2326-7283 Vol. 3 (9), pp. 215-217, October, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Review

A study of the pathophysiology, causes and management of hemoptysis with emphasis on differential diagnosis and appropriate management

*Toyin Rotimi Bandele, Olagunsoye L. Ojudu and Dela Martins Afolabi

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

²Department of Otorrhinolaryngology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka.

³Department of Internal Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Nigeria.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 2 July, 2015

Abstract

Hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract. It occurs in many clinical entities. In our primary care setting, treatment of many patients with hemoptysis begins with the administration of anti- tuberculosis drugs without investigation. The aim of this study is to review the relevant literature on the pathophysiology, causes and management of hemoptysis; with emphasis on differential diagnosis and appropriate management. Literature review was carried out on the pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, patient evaluation and management of hemoptysis using computerized search including Google, PubMed and African Journal Online. Additional information was obtained by cross referencing and using texts and journals in the medical libraries of Federal Medical Centre and University of Nigeria Enugu. Most of the literatures were from developed countries. Comprehensive management plan was lacking in many text books. However, we were able to explore the main differential diagnoses of hemoptysis and discuss their management within the limits of our literature search. Hemoptysis is a common presenting symptom in our chest clinics. Though pulmonary Tuberculosis tops the list of differential diagnosis of hemoptysis in most developing countries; we advice that all cases of hemoptysis should be well investigated as accurate diagnoses will ensure correct treatment.

Key words: Hemoptysis, differential diagnosis, investigations, management.