International Journal of Agricultural Sciences

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2167-0447 Vol. 16 (1), pp. 001-013, January, 2026. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Impact of Hydropower Development on Vegetation and Environmental Gradients in Indrawati, Nepal

Ramesh Prasad Bhatt and Sanjay Nath Khanal

Department of Environmental Science and Engineering School of Science, Kathmandu University Kathmandu, Nepal

Accepted 13 September, 2025

Vegetation covering an area has a definite structure and composition developed as a result of long term interaction with biotic and a biotic factors, and any change in the status of these factors disturbs the floristic composition of the environment. Five quadrates with sampling size of 20 X 20m2 in 0.02 ha. area was selected for analysis of vegetation to quantify species diversity, composition, size class distribution and dominance of the species. A total of 387 tree individuals, representing 33 species, 32 genera and 23 families were recorded. Total stand density and basal area were, respectively, 638.55 trees ha−1 and 17.68 m2ha−1 in five plots. The highest IVI value was that of Alnus nepalensis (30.21) followed by Castanopsis tribuloides (21.22) and Lyonia ovalifolia (19.27) in plot 3 where the Dbh of tree was <10cm. Based on IVI values, Alnus nepalensis, Castanopsis tribuloides, and Lyonia ovalifolia were found to be the most dominant species in the study area. The three values as 0.09333, 0.9066 and 10.71 of Simpsons Diversity (D) of 33 species represent different biodiversity. The plot 3 of natural forest and plot 4 and 5 along the project area has found significantly deceasing number of species.

Key words: Vegetation Analysis, Indrawati III Project, Environmental Variables, Change and Impact, Species Diversity, Community forests
 

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2167-0447 Vol. 15 (10), pp. 001-005, October, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of Fruit Peel Formulated Natural Fertilizer on Soil Fertility and Plant Growth

Nandini Rohatgi* and Adrija Saha#

#Associate Professor, Department of Dietetics & Nutrition, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata. #Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Previous affiliation: The work was carried out at our previous affiliation.
*M.Sc Food & Nutrition Student, J D Birla Institute, 11, Lower Rawdon Street, Kolkata-19.
#Assistant Professor-II, J D Birla Institute, 11, Lower Rawdon Street, Kolkata-19.

Abstract

Received 09 July, 2025; Revised 28 July, 2025; Accepted 28 July, 2025; Published 02 November, 2025

This investigation was conducted to determine the effect of fruit peels (sweet lime, pomegranate and banana peels) as natural fertilizer on soil fertility and plant growth. The peels were dried, ground and incorporated into the soil in various combinations using the method of backyard composting. Fenugreek plants were grown in the prepared soil samples. Results showed that the application of fruit peel formulations led to improved soil quality and increased plant growth. Improved soil fertility was attributed to increased organic matter and higher microbial count of the soil samples because of the application of fruit peel formulated fertilizer. Hence, the study concluded have significant environmental benefits over the use of chemical fertilizers. 

Keywords: Backyard composting, Banana peels, Natural fertilizer, Pomegranate peels, sweet lime peel.
 

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2167-0447 Vol. 15 (5), pp. 001-016, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparative Study on Button Mushroom vs. Oyster Mushroom: Empirical Estimates of Costs, Returns and Marketing Perspective in Mid Hills of Himachal Pradesh, India

Girish Mahajan1, Saina Walia2 and Rajesh Thakur3

1Extension Specialist (Agricultural Economics), Krishi Vigyan Kendra-Hamirpur-Bara.
2Ex- PG student, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension Education and Rural Sociology and
3Principal Scientist, Department of AgriculturalEconomics,ExtensionEducationandRuralSociology-CSKHPAU-Palampur.

Abstract

Accepted March 24, 2025

This study examines the economic performance, cost structures and marketing dynamic of button and oyster mushrooms in Kangra valley of Himachal Pradesh. A simple random sample of 60 mushroom growers, categorized into small (40) and large (20) on the basis of number of compost bags they kept by using cumulative square root frequency method, were collected by survey method on a well structured and pre-tested schedule for the agricultural year 2023-24. The findings revealed that button mushroom generates a gross income of Rs.45, 149 per 100 bags whereas for oyster mushroom it was Rs. 21,960 per 100 bags. Button mushrooms incur higher input costs due to compost and labour requirements, yet yield greater net returns compared to oyster mushrooms. The fixed cost constitutes 27.31 per cent of the total cost which was half of that of oyster mushroom (51.59%). The share of variable cost in the total cost of producing both types of mushrooms was more in case of button mushroom (72.69%) than in oyster mushroom (48.41%). The net return over total cost and over variable cost was higher for button mushrooms than the oyster mushrooms. The breakeven output of button mushroom in terms of mushroom production in kg was 100 kg whereas the respective figure for oyster mushroom was 72 kg. Three marketing channels were followed in button mushroom in the research area but channel-2 (Mushroom grower---Retailer—Consumer) was the most widely used channel through which 48.16 per cent of the total quantity was marketed by 40.60 per cent of the mushroom growers. In case of oyster mushroom, only two marketing channels were followed i. e. channel-1 and channel-2.All the findings of the comparative analysis demonstrates the economic superiority of button mushrooms over oyster mushrooms in terms of profitability, driven primarily by consumer preferences and established market channels in the Kangra valley.

Keywords: Button mushrooms, Oyster mushrooms, cost, return, breakeven, marketing channel, fixed cost, variable cost.

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2167-0447 Vol. 15 (5), pp. 001-009, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Multivariate Insights into Genetic Variability of Durum Wheat Landraces under Diverse Irrigation Regimes

Mostafa Ahmadizadeh*, Hossein Shahbazi, Mostafa Valizadeh and Mohammad Zaefizadeh

Islamic Azad University, Ardabil branch, P. O. Box 446, Iran.

Accepted 22 March, 2025

To evaluate the genetic diversity in 37 durum wheat landraces originated from Iran and Azerbaijan, an experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in normal irrigation and drought stress conditions in agricultural research station of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran. Analysis of variance indicated that there were highly significant differences among the genotypes in all of the traits. Environment mean squares were significant for all the traits studied showing that the drought stress has significant effect on all the traits. The heritability estimates were high for plant height in both conditions. In regression analysis (stepwise method) under stress, number of grains per spike and plant height remained in final model (R2 = 0.634). In well-watered condition biological yield, awn length and harvest index showed more direct positive effects on yield. In drought stress condition, biological yield, spike length, number of grains per spike and harvest index showed more direct positive effects on yield. Harvest index showed the highest indirect effect on yield in two conditions. Cluster analysis, divided the genotypes into three groups in each condition. Classifying the results of the cluster analysis identified bagh oliya, naxcevan and chakmak genotypes in stress condition which confirm the results of the compared means yield.

Key words: Genetic diversity, heritability, landrace, path analysis, yield.
 

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2167-0447 Vol. 15 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Nutritional Phytochemistry of Dwarf Rice: Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Content

Shao Yafang, Zhang Gan and Bao Jinsong*

Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province and Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hua Jiachi Campus, Hangzhou, 310029, People’s Republic of China.

Accepted 5 April, 2025

Whole cereal grains have been received increasingly attention by consumers due to their potential health benefits because of their antioxidant capacity, which is probably derived from their high contents of phenolics, flavonoids and other phytochemicals. Here, we reported the contents of phenolics and flavonoids in different rice genotypes with grain size ranging from extremely small to normal size. The smaller grains had higher phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity than the normal and larger grains. The phenolic content had positive correlation with the flavonoid content (P<0.001) and the antioxidant capacity (P<0.01). The phenolic and flavonoid content had negative correlation with grain length, grain length to width ratio and 100-grain weight (P<0.01), but had no relationship with grain width and grain thickness. Thus, the phenolic content could be indirectly predicted by grain length and 100-grain weight. New rice varieties high in antioxidant levels could be obtained by breeding for extremely small grain rice.

Key words: Phenolics, flavnoids, antioxidant capacity, rice grains.
 

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2167-0447 Vol. 15 (5), pp. 001-004, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Dissecting Genetic Parameters Influencing Morphological and Physiological Characteristics in Triticum durum

Varahram Rashidi

Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Iran. E-mail: [email protected].
Tel: +98 914 111 3965. Fax: +98 411 637 4511.

Accepted 21 February, 2025

In order to estimate the genetic parameters of some morphological and physiological traits in durum wheat, a simple lattice experimental was carried out by using 58 advanced lines and 6 landraces for two years during 2006 to 2008 at the Agriculture Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Iran. In this investigation traits like plant height, stomatal resistance, stoma-density and stoma-dimension in under and over surface of flag leaf; flag leaf area, number of fertile tiller, number of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biomass, and harvest index were measured. Combined analysis of data for two years showed that there were significant differences, for the traits among the genotypes under study at 1% probability level. Phenotypic correlation coefficients between traits revealed a significant and positive relationship of grain yield with traits such as number of fertile tiller, grains/spike, biomass and harvest index. Estimates of GCV (genetics coefficient variance) showed that, stoma-density and stoma-dimension in under and over surface of flag leaf; grains/spike and grain yields were high, as compares other traits. Also estimates of broad sense heritability showed that, traits such as plant height, stomatal resistance, stoma-density and stoma-dimension in under and over surface of flag leaf; and grains/spike were high, as compares other traits; but for traits like grain yields, biomass, harvest index and number of fertile tiller was moderate.

Key words: Durum wheat, genetic variance, genetic coefficient variance, broad sense heritability.