International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN 2167-0447 Vol. 6 (2), pp. 931-937, February, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Animal drinking water sanitation with AOP technology

¹Pramir Maharjan, ²Sonja Ingmanson and ³Susan Watkins

^1,3Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701.

²Research and Development, Silver Bullet Water Treatment Company, Denver, CO 80239.

Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 09 January, 2016

Abstract

Providing good quality drinking water free of microbes and contaminants to poultry and other livestock is an essential component of an optimal animal production system. Regular water sanitation helps keep water and water systems in farms clean and microbiologically safe for animal consumption. Treating water with chemicals is a conventional water sanitation method, which at times has limited efficacy due to growing microbial resistance. Besides, treating water with chemicals can be harmful to the environment and involves unnecessary health risks to site personnel. For these reasons, other methods are being studied as alternatives to chemical methods of treating water. Among the possible alternative options being considered, Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are emerging as a reliable and safe substitute. Most AOPs historically have been highly recognized as efficient at neutralizing contamination, and are considered environmentally friendly sustainable water treatment technologies. The goal of this article is to reflect, through representative research and case studies on AOPs, an important new perspective that AOPs can be considered for an animal drinking water treatment option.

Key words: animal drinking water quality, AOP, water sanitation.

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN 2167-0447 Vol. 6 (2), pp. 913-917, February, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Study of productive and reproductive performance of cross breed dairy cattle under smallholders management system in Bishoftu and Akaki Towns

¹Dessalegn Genzebu, ²Berhan Tamir and ³Gebreyohanes Berhane

¹Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mizan-Tepi University, PO Box 260 Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia.

^2&3Department of Animal Production Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University Bishoftu Campus , Bishoftu, Ethiopia.

Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 07 October, 2015

Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess the productive and reproductive performance of cross breed dairy cattle under smallholder farmers’ level in Bishoftu and Akaki districts. The districts were purposively selected based on their potentiality of cross breeds dairy cattle population. A cross-sectional survey and structured questionnaire were used to collect data from 130 households. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences to study the magnitude and direction of variation in months age at first services(AFS), age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI), lactation milk yield (LMY) and lactation length (LL) due to management factors. Calving interval (CI) was only significantly (p < 0.001) different between the woredas. The mean of AFS, AFC, CI, DMY, TLMY and LL were estimated to be (18.7±3.7 and 18.7±3.5 months), (26.9±5.4 and 27.0±3.7 months), (13.0±2.1and 13.8±1.9 months), (11.6±3.1 and 10.8±2.4 litters per day/cows), (3208.56±108.81 and 3031.56±46.32 litres) and (276.6±35.1and 280.7±19.3 days), respectively in Bishoftu and Akaki Towns. Poor management was the most probable factors affected the standard expected of reproductive and production performance of cross breed cattle in the study areas. Efficient heat detection and timely insemination, better health management, genetic improvement of crossbreeding, supplementing of good quality feed resources are required for optimal reproduction and production performance.

Key words: Cross breed, dairy cattle, productive, reproductive. 

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN 2167-0447 Vol. 6 (2), pp. 918-924, February, 2016.  © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Designing and evaluation of onion storage structures for Indian conditions

P. C. Tripathi* and K. E. Lawande

National Research Centre for Onion and Garlic, Rajgurunagar-410 505, Pune (MS), India. Corresponding author. E-mail: prakaashtripathii2000@ yahoo.co.in

Accepted 17 December, 2015

Abstract

India is the second largest producer of onion in the world .A large quantity of onion is stored to fulfill domestic and export demand at ambient atmospheric conditions. The storage losses in these ambient atmospheric stores are high. To minimized storage losses and  develop efficient onion storage structure, seven storage structures i.e. Traditional double row storage structure, Modified bottom ventilated storage structure, Top and bottom ventilated storage structure with mud-plastered walls, Modified bottom ventilated storage structure with chain linked side walls, Traditional single row storage structure, Modified bottom ventilated single row storage structure, Bottom ventilated single row low cost thatched roof storage structure, were designed and constructed at NRC for Onion and Garlic, Rajagurunagar, Pune, India. These storage structures were evaluated for storage of onion. The physiological loss of weight (PLW) was lowest (15.92 %) in Top and bottom ventilated structure with mud plaster walls followed by Bottom ventilated single row low cost thatched roof storage structure (17.44%). Physiological loss of weight was significantly lower in bottom ventilated structures (19.06%) as compared to traditional without bottom ventilated structures (22.11%). The rotting was significantly higher (22.72 %) in Traditional without bottom ventilated double row structure as compared Top and bottom ventilated structure with mud plastered sidewalls (7.52 %). The rotting was statistically lower in bottom-ventilated structures (12.69%) than traditional without bottom-ventilated structures (19.92%). The highest sprouting (3.29 %) was recorded in Modified bottom ventilated storage structure with chain-linked sidewalls. The net return per tonne was highest (Rs 1207- ) in Bottom ventilated single row low cost thatched roof storage structure. The findings of the experiment indicates that bottom ventilated structures were found efficient in reduction of storage losses in onion stored at ambient atmospheric conditions.

Key words: Onion, storage structure, ambient atmospheric conditions, bottom ventilated, storage losses.

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN 2167-0447 Vol. 6 (1), pp. 904-908, January, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Gathering and recognizing natural enemies and pathogenic agents of Gypsy moth in Yasooj: A preliminary study of population control of the pest

Parvin Sabeti

Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Kohgilouyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Yasooj, Iran. P. O. Box 351. Post code: 75916-33816.

E mail: [email protected]

Accepted 24 July, 2015

Abstract

This research was conducted in Yasooj orchards during 2007 and 2008 to identify the natural enemies and pathogenic agents of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) and the following species were identify. Parasitoids: Barchymeria intermedia Nees (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae); Compsilura concinnata (Meigen), (Diptera: Tachinidae); Exorista Larvarum (L.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Predator: Allothrombium sp. (Prostigmata : Trombidiidae) and Pathogens: Beauveria bassiana (Bals.), (Deutromycotina: Hyphomycetes); Bacillus thuringiensis Var kurstaki. Chemical toxicants pose destructive and mal effects as well as other side effects on living environment. It is therefore recommended to conduct more research on the effectiveness of the spore dusting of the B. thuringiensis in to the orchards in the spring to control pest. After confirmation of the effectiveness of this control measure in the field studies, they can be used in an IPM program of the gypsy moth in the Yasooj region.

Keywords : Gypsy moth, natural enemies, Yasooj.

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN 2167-0447 Vol. 6 (1), pp. 899-903, January, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper 

Effects of five different hosts on the longevity capacity of Gypsy moth under laboratory conditions and in the field

Abdullah Akbar

Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Kohgilouyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Yasooj, Iran. P. O. Box: 351. Post code: 75916-33816. Email: [email protected]

Accepted 12 November,  2015

Abstract 

Food consumption, survival rate, age specific longevity and fecundity of gypsy moth were studied on five different host species, including apple (Malus domestica), black poplar (Populus nigra), white poplar (Populus alba), oak (Quercus sp.) and pear (Prunus communis) under laboratory and field conditions in Yasooj area. The obtained results indicated that the total consumed leaf surface by a larva on apple (M. domestica) was the highest with the amount of 1014 cm². First instar larvae did not survive long following consumption of small amount of white poplar and pear leaves. Age specific survival and longevity were significantly different on apple and black poplar compared with oak in laboratory conditions. No significant differences were found between age specific longevity of gypsy moth on apple and black poplar under the experimental conditions. Host preference for apple and black poplar was distinctly higher than oak. The average weight of female pupae developed on apple, black poplar and oak were 1440, 1320 and 1100 mg respectively and as fertility rate of female moth is directly related to the weight of female insects, fertility rate of adult moth developed on apple with the average female weight of 1440 mg and 3.19 was higher than the moth developed on black poplar and oak with the fertility index of 2.59 and 2.41 respectively. The results indicate the presence of feeding deterrents in white poplar and pear.

Keywords: Lymantria dispar, food resources, physiological characteristics, laboratory condition, Yasooj, Iran.

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN 2167-0447 Vol. 6 (2), pp. 909-912, February, 2016. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

An evaluation of the possibility of incorporating waste cashew apple bagasse into fish diet so as to reduce its wastage

Afolayan Ganiyu*, Babajide A.A and Adebayo S.O

Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Accepted 03 December, 2015

Abstract

Sundried cashew apple bagasse, grinded into powder was substituted for groundnut cake at five levels ( 0,10,20,30 and 40%) to formulate five experimental diets (1,2,3,4,5), in which A is the control diet. 375 C. gariepinus juveniles were randomly allocated into five groups each with three replicates in a completely randomized design. These were fed at 5% for a period of eighty-four days. Its nutritive and cost effectiveness of the feeds were assessed at the end of the feeding period. Live weight gain of fish increased corresponding with increasing inclusion of cashew apple bagasse. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the mean weight gain of fish fed diets 4 and 1(Control diet). Feed conversion ratio were also observed to be similar among diets 1 to 4, while that of diet 5 decreased significantly from 1 (control). However, both cost/kg of feed produced and cost of feed consumed per weight gain decreased correspondingly as more of the substitution was made, indicating a profitable and worthwhile study. Cost per feed intake and cost/g weight gain were significantly lowered (P>0.05) as Cashew Apple Bagasse meal increases in the diets. In summary, a good economic return is possible if this cashew waste can be processed into fish diet (particularly for fingerling and juvenile production).

Keywords: Bagasse, juvenile, C. gariepinus, cashew apple.