International Journal of Enology and Viticulture

Key words:  Vineyard, sugar map, GIS, DGPS.

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 6 (12), pp. 001-006, December, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Search for a novel antioxidant, anti-inflammatory/analgesic or anti-proliferative drug: Cucurbitacins hold the ace

Saba Adebowale Bernard* and Oridupa Ayorinde Olayinka

Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Accepted 03 August, 2019

Abstract

Cucurbitacins are triterpenoid steroids reported to have several biological activities and are predominantly isolated from Cucurbitaceae family. They are efficient anti-oxidant and this property lies in their ability to scavenge free-radicals such as hydroxyl radical, superoxide anions and singlet oxygen. This broad spectrum radical-scavenging capacity surpasses what had been reported for other natural antioxidants such as grape-seed extract, wheat, alfalfa and ginkgo biloba extracts. Reports also show that cucurbitacins adequately inhibit lipid peroxidation and oxidation. Two cucurbitacins, 23, 24 dihydrocucurbitacin and cucurbitacin R isolated from the root of Cayaponia tayuya exhibit the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties typical of cucurbitacins. The mechanism lies in their ability to inhibit the expression of TNF in macrophages and lymphocytes and the expression of such pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric-oxide synthase- 2 and cyclooxygenase-2. Cucurbitacins display strong anti-tumorigenic activity. Abnormal activation of STAT3 is prevalent in breast, pancreatic, ovarian, head and neck, brain, and prostate carcinomas, as well as in melanomas, leukemias, and lymphomas. In those tumors investigated, aberrant STAT3 activation is required for growth and survival. Antiproliferative effect of cucurbitacins is mediated through suppression of phosphotyrosine STAT3 levels which results in the inhibition of STAT3 DNA binding. Studies showed that cucurbitacins induce dramatic changes in the cytoskeleton, inhibit proliferation and induce significant S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. It is a general knowledge among researchers working with natural medicinal products that any of the cucurbitacins have the attributes or potential to become fully patented as anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer drug.

Key words: Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-proliferative, cucurbitacins.

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 6 (11), pp. 001-006, November, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The effects of grape seed and grape pomace extracts on spatial memory impairment induced by hyoscine in mice

Akram Jamshidzadeh¹*, Batool Faeghe Baha-al-dini Baigi² and Mehrdad Aram¹

¹Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran.

²Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran.

Accepted 16 August, 2019

Abstract

The cholinergic system and its receptors play a role in memory function. Hyoscine, as an anticholinergic agent causes dysfunction to the spatial memory and learning. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of two different extracts of grape seed (25, 50, 75 mg/kg) and grape pomace (25, 50,100 mg/kg) on the spatial memory impairment induced by hyoscine (1 mg/kg) in male mice. Spatial memory was evaluated using Morris water maze test. Each animal received three trials per day for four days and day five was the probe day (without platform). Speed, distance and time spent in each quadrant were recorded. The percentage of time spent in the target quadrant (Q2) on the probe day was used as an index of memory. The extracts were injected 5 min prior to hyoscine which was injected 20 min before the trial. Pretreatment with different doses of grape seed extract and grape pomace extract 5 min prior to hyoscine prevented the memory impairment effects of hyoscine, and the time for searching platform in Q2 was significantly increased (p<0.05), compared to that of hyoscine treated group. Extracts alone did not show any effects on the memory. Grape seed in doses up to 75 mg/kg and grape pomace in doses up to 100 mg/kg extract in doses that did not show any effect on the memory and motor activities could prevent memory impairment effects of hyoscine.

Key words: Grape extracts, hyoscine, spatial memory, mice.

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 6 (11), pp. 001-007, November, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Thymus kotschyanus and Carum copticum essential oils as botanical preservatives for table grape

Rasul Jalili Marandi¹*, Abbas Hassani^1,2, Youbert Ghosta³, Ali Abdollahi⁴, Alireza Pirzad^2,5 and Fatemeh Sefidkon⁶

¹Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, P.O. Box 165, Iran.

²Department of Medicinal and Industrial Plants, Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, P.O. Box 165, Iran.

³Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, P.O. Box 165, Iran.

⁴Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Sistan and Baluchestan University, Saravan, P.O. Box 99515143, Iran.

⁵Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, P.O. Box165, Iran.

⁶Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, P. O. Box 13185116, Iran.

Accepted 02 October 2019

Abstract

In the present study, essential oils extracted from Thymus kotschyanus and Carum copticum has been evaluated for efficacy in the control of postharvest fungal decay in Thompson seedless table grape. Results showed that the tested oils exhibited good inhibitory activity against fungal decay in oil-treated grapes. In addition, the essential did not show a negative impact on the sensory quality of the grape. The profile of the oil components showed that carvacrol (28.54%) and thymol (63.18%) were the main compounds available in T. kotschyanus and C. copticum respectively. Results of this research showed that the evaluated essential oils may be used as a preservative for reduction of postharvest losses.

Key words: Essential oil, table grape, Thymus kotschyanus, Carum copticum, antifungal.

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 6 (10), pp. 001-008, October, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The yield and berry quality under different soil tillage and clusters thinning treatments in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon

Elman Bahar^1* and A. Semih Ya asin²

¹Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey.

²Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Research Institute of Viticulture, Tekirdag, Turkey.

Accepted 07 September, 2019

Abstract

The effects of 3 different soil tillage treatments and 2 cluster thinning treatments on leaf water potential ( _leaf), yield and quality parameters of Cabernet- Sauvignon were investigated in this study. The research was conducted (40°58'10.71 N, 27°28'21.71 E) in Tekirdag, Turkey. There were no statistically significant differences among tillage systems. Half of the clusters on a vine were removed at the veraison for cluster thinning treatments. At the result the only significant difference was on the yield, regarding the cluster thinning treatment. Yield/vine values ranged between 2.2 - 2.3 kgvine^-1 at the cluster thinning treatments and 3.4 - 3.5 kgvine^-1 at the no cluster thinning treatments. The minimum value for soluble solids in juice was 21.04% at conventional tillage, and the maximum value (21.40%) was at the conservation tillage treatments. The conventional tillage treatment showed the maximum anthocyanin level (463.78 mgkg^-1) followed by the conservation tillage treatment (460.14 mgkg^-1) and minimum tillage treatment (407.86 mgkg ^-1) respectively regarding the total anthocyanin levels. The lowest phenolic compound values were obtained from CVT-NTH (361.93 mgkg^-1) treatment. On the contrary in both conservative soil tillage [CST-NTH (488.36 mgkg^-1), CST-CTH (467.79 mgkg^-1)] applications values were higher. As a result, grape quality parameters were improved by using the conversation tillage treatment with natural grassing in Cabernet Sauvignon.

Key words: Leaf water potential, water stress, soil tillage, cluster thinning, grape yield, berry composition.

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 6 (9), pp. 001-008, September, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Lipid-Lowering mechanisms of grape seed extract (VITIS VINIFERA  L) and its antihyperlidemic activity

Sirichai Adisakwattana¹*, Jeerasuk Moonrat², Supatra Srichairat², Chuliporn Chanasit³, Hathaichanok Tirapongporn³, Benjanut Chanathong¹, Sathaporn Ngamukote¹, Kittana Mäkynen¹ and Suwimol Sapwarobol¹

¹Department of Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Medical Food Research and Development Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330, Thailand.

²Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330, Thailand.

³Undergraduate Program in Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330, Thailand.

Accepted 22 April, 2019

Abstract

Grape Seed Extract (GSE) has been targeted to promote beneficial health effects, especially the prevention of obesity and hyperlipidemia. In present study, we investigated the mechanisms of GSE on inhibition of lipid digestion and absorption. GSE significantly inhibited pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase in dose-dependent manner with the IC₅₀ values of 3.71 ± 0.03 and 27.27 ± 4.12 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, GSE also inhibited the formation of cholesterol micelles, and bound to bile acid. The oral administration of GSE significantly decreased serum triglyceride and cholesterol in rat fed high fat emulsion through inhibition of lipid digestion and absorption. GSE may be a feasible therapeutic strategy for prevention and treatment of patients with hyperlipidemia and obesity.

Key words: Grape seed extract, bile acid binding, cholesterol micellization, pancreatic cholesterol esterase, pancreatic lipase, mechanisms.