International Journal of Enology and Viticulture

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 6 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of the grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the free radical and energy metabolism indicators during the movement

Ying Shan¹*, Xiao-hang Ye¹ and Hui Xin²

¹Department of Physical Education and Military Training, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310014, China.

²Institute of Physical Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.

Accepted 12 December, 2018

Abstract

In order to explore the mechanism of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) against exercise-induced fatigue, the mice movement model was used, and the free radical and energy metabolism indicators during movement were measured. The results show that grape seed proanthocyanidin extract can improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and GSH- Px in the liver in exercised mice, and lower the MDA content, which may produce the effect of anti-oxidation by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzyme in the body; GSPE can keep the blood glucose in exercised mice on a stable level, increase the liver glycogen and muscle glycogen reserves, and prevent the blood glucose content, as well as the liver glycogen and muscle glycogen content, reducing after long time exercise; Meanwhile, GSPE can improve the level of TC, TG and FFA in plasma in exercised - mice, influence the fat metabolism under different conditions and promote the fat utilization. All the results above may be the anti-fatigue mechanism of GSPE.

Key words: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract, free radicals, energy metabolism.

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 6 (4), pp. 001-010, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Plasmids profiles, antibiotic and heavy metal resistance incidence of endophytic bacteria isolated from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Abdulla D. Altalhi

Biological science department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudia Arabia. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 12 October, 2018

Abstract

Little is known about the bacterial communities associated with the plant inhabiting desert ecosystem. In this study, the bacterial population associated with grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) plant, growing desert soil was analyzed using the culture dependent approach. A total of 111 bacterial isolates were isolated from stems and leaves samples, collected from different locations and subjected to further analyses. Based on the identification methods, the bacterial isolates were grouped into 14 genera. The main genera are Acetobacter, Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Escherichia, Methylococcus, Xanthomonas, Vibrio, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Planococcus, Staphylococcus and Streptomyces. Significant differences in the endophytic communities were observed between plants collected from different sites and also between plant stems and leaves. All the isolates were examined for plasmid DNA content and resistance to antibiotics (Ampicillin, Kanamycin, Tetracyclin) and heavy metals. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Cu, Cd, Hg, Mn, Ni and Zn for isolates were also determined. Resistance was most frequent to Ampicillin (57%), followed by Kanamycin (53%) and Tetracycline (26%). The highest MICs observed were 10 µg/ml for mercury, 50 µg/ml for Cu and Cd and 200 µg/ml for other metals. On a percentage basis, 18.48% of total strains from leaves were found to harbour plasmids, whereas, 11.83% of the roots isolates contained plasmids.

Key words: Endophytic bacteria, antibiotic resistance, heavy metals, plasmids.

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 6 (3), pp. 001-009, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Control of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease with reference to its occurrence in Malaysia

Thohirah Lee Abdullah¹, Hajivand Shokrollah¹*, Kamaruzaman Sijam² and Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah³

¹Departments of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

²Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

³Department of Agro Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

Accepted 14 August, 2018

Abstract

The center of diversity for citrus was originally found on the northeastern India, eastward through the Malay Archipelago and south to Australia. Today citrus is produced in 140 countries, mainly between the north and south 40º latitudes. Citrus ranked first among fruit crops in the international trade based on value. Citrus production of the world is around 105 million tons per year. Orange (Citrus sinensis) accounts for almost two thirds of the total citrus production (65%), followed by tangerine (Citrus reticulata) (21%), lemon (C. limon) (6%) and grapefruit (C. paradisi) (5.5%). Other significant commercially grown species are lime (C. aurantifolia), pummelo (C. grandis) and citron (C. medica). The largest citrus producers are Brazil (20%), United States (14%), China (12%), Mexico (6%) and the countries of the mediterranean basin (15%). Humidity and day-to-night temperature fluctuations influence which varieties are best adapted to an area. Most citrus fruits are produced for fresh market consumption and only around 30% is processed. Fresh fruits are rich in vitamin C which plays a vital role in prevention of scurvy. After extraction of the juice, the skin and fruit pulp can be used as livestock feed or making compost. The rind acid (oil) of the citrus is considered an expensive commodity in international trade (F.A.O 2003). Unfortunately, the citrus industry is threatened by 2 destructive diseases namely Witches’ Broom disease of lime (WBDL) and Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. WBDL has been known to be caused by Candidatus phytoplasma aurantifolia. It is one of the destructive diseases on citrus industry in the Middle East, India and Pakistan. It was reported in 1970 for the first time from lime orchard of Oman, united Arabian emirate (UAE) (1988), Iran (1998) and India and Pakistan (1999). WBDL is a phloem limited phytoplasma disease of lime. HLB disease causing citrus greening (Candidatus liberibacter spp.) is the second most severe disease on citrus industry all over the world. HLB has destroyed an estimated 60 million trees in Africa and Asia. More than 40 countries were infected by HLB in Africa, Asia and USA (Chau et al., 1996; Bove, 2006; Roux et al., 2006; Batool et al., 2007). The HLB pathogens are highly fastidious phloem-inhabiting bacteria in the genus Candidatus liberibacter. The bacteria have not been cultured yet in laboratory media and do not survive outside the host cells. Three types of phloem limited bacteria causing HLB disease have been described and identified (Bove, 2006). The isolate from South Africa (Candidatus liberibacter africanus) is considered heat-sensitive and found in Africa. It is vectored by African citrus psyllid (Trioza erytreae) and was described by Guercio in 1918. The isolate from Asia (Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus) is more severe and widespread; it is vectored by Asian psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) (Garnier et al., 2000). This type of HLB is heat-tolerant (Garnier et al., 2000). It can show the symptom on humid, cool and hot temperature, up to 35ºC (Garnier et al., 2000; Bove 2006; Le Roux et al., 2006). The isolate from America has been named Candidatus liberibacter americanus; it was detected in Brazil and Florida (Coletta-Filho et al., 2005; Texeira et al., 2005).

Key words: Citrus, HLB, greening disease.

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 6 (3), pp. 001-006, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of shading and covering material application for delaying harvest on gray mold disease severity

Rustem Cangi¹*, Adem Yağcı¹_, Soner Akgul², Metin Kesgin² and Yusuf Yanar³

¹Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gaziosmanpasa, 60240 Tasliciftlik, Tokat-Turkey.

²Manisa Viticulture Research Institute, Manisa-Turkey.

³Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gaziosmanpasa, 60240 Tasliciftlik, Tokat-Turkey.

Accepted 8 August, 2018

Abstract

To delay the harvest of Sultani Cekirdeksiz grape variety and to reduce pre and post-harvest botrytis bunch rot severity, shading and covering material application were tested in 2009 to 2010 growing periods. In this study, grape vines were shaded with shading materials which had three different shading densities (35, 55, and 75% shading density) from veraison period to harvest. The grape vines were also covered with four different covering materials (transparent polyethylene, mogul, polypropen cross-stich and lifepack) before rainfall, at the end of August until harvest. The gray mold severity was recorded three times (before shading at unriped grape stage, veraison period, shortly after shading and twice at 20 day interval) during growing period. Based on the results of this study, the highest gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) severity was obtained in the control (uncovered and unshaded) treatment and the lowest disease severity was observed in lifepack treatment with or without shading. Since gray mold disease of grape was the main factor affecting harvest date of the crop lifepack, + 35 or 55% shading could be recommended to delay harvest and reduce the gray mold severity of grape in Manisa province-Turkey.

Key words: Sultani seedless, table grape, shading, cover material, delaying harvest disease severity, Botrytis cinerea.

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 6 (2), pp. 001-004, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Restriction analysis of rDNA regions to differentiate non-Saccharomyces wine species in mixed cultures

Capece A, Siesto G, Romaniello R and Romano P*

Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro- forestali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.

Accepted 15 June, 2018

Abstract

The control of wine quality is related also to the knowledge of composition and dynamics of yeast -flora occurring throughout the vinification process. The restriction analysis of NTS and ITS regions was used to differentiate in mixed fermentation non-Saccharomyces species frequently encountered in the early fermentation phase, such as Hanseniaspora uvarum, Candida stellata and Metschnikowia pulcherrima. PCR-RFLP analysis of ITS region allowed to identify all the species inoculated in the grape must. The novelty of the protocol used is the application of PCR-RFLP analysis on yeast DNA isolated directly from grape must fermentation, without previous yeast colony isolation.

Key words: Non-Saccharomyces yeasts, NTS region, yeast mixed cultures.

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 6 (2), pp. 001-009, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of root-knot nematode and two species of crown gall on antioxidant activity of grape leaves

Hossam S. El-Beltagi^*1, Hosny H. Kesba², Ahmed I. Abdel-Alim³ and Al-Sayed, A. A.²

¹Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza– Egypt.

²Zoology and Agricultural Nematology Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza– Egypt.

³Plant Pathology Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza– Egypt.

Accepted 21 July, 2018

Abstract

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium vitis significantly reduced the entire criteria (galls, embedded stages, final population, Pf/Pi and egg production) of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, when they were in concomitance with grape (Vitis vinifera var) superior roots. Greater suppression in such criteria was observed with high inoculum levels (5X10⁷ cfu/pot) than with lower (2.5X10⁷ cfu/pot) ones. All treatments resulted in the increase of leaves contents of H₂O₂ and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) dramatically, which were considered the most damaging stresses in plant cells. The contents of AsA, GSH, TPH and PAL specific activity increased as a strongly antioxidant defense compound against induced oxidative damage. In addition, the increase in the activity of various antioxidant defense specific enzymes (SOD, APX, CAT and GST) represented the protective activity used to counteract the oxidative injury promoted by nematode and nematode-bacteria infections. The rate of the chemical increase was significantly higher in interaction treatments than in the leaves of plants treated singly with M. incognita. Moreover, higher inoculum levels resulted in higher values of the measured chemicals. Symptoms appearance at low levels of nematode and bacterial treatments were significantly preceded by significant induction of AsA, GSH and TPH contents, and APX, CAT, SOD, GST and PAL activities in grape leaves. However, under high levels of nematode and bacteria, an obvious depletion at all non-antioxidants enzymes’ levels and antioxidants enzymes’ activities was observed. It is supposed that stimulated antioxidative processes contributed to the suppression of necrotic symptom development in grape leaves depending on the level of pathogen inoculum.

Key words: Meloidogyne incognita, grape, crown gall, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Agrobacterium vitis, antioxidant activity.