International Journal of Enology and Viticulture

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 1 (4), pp. 042-048, April, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Surrounding effects on volatiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines grown in Loess Plateau region of China

Bao Zhang, Zhewen Yiwen and Yuhan Reiko

College of Enology, Faculty of Agriculture, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 01 March, 2011

Abstract 

Volatile compounds of young Cabernet Sauvignon wines from the flat and slope lands grown in Loess Plateau region (China) were investigated in this research. Among the volatile compounds analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), a total of 43 and 45 volatile compounds were identified and quantified in the flat and slope lands wines, respectively. In the volatiles detected, higher alcohols formed the most abundant group in the aroma components of two wines, followed by esters and fatty acids. According to their odor active values (OAVs) and relative odor contribution (ROC), the aromatic profiles for two wines were similar, showing only quantitative but not qualitative differences. Ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate and isoamyl acetate were found to jointly contribute to 98.8 and 99.2% of the global aroma of the flat and slope wines, respectively. These odorants are associated with “fruity’’ and ‘‘ripe fruit’’ odor descriptors. Wine from flat land with higher OAVs of ethyl octanoate and isoamyl acetate seems to have more intense fruity aromas (pineapple, pear and banana), with floral notes.

Key words: Cabernet Sauvignon wines, volatiles, terrains, Loess Plateau region, headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 1 (3), pp. 035-041, March, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Metamophosis in aromatic compounds of cabernet sauvignon wines during ageing process in stainless steel tanks

Hongyu Tang, Zhu Chen and Sheng Yan

College of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Development, Xiamen University, P.O. Box 979, Fujian, China.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 29 February, 2014

Abstract 

The influence of age on the volatile composition of cabernet sauvignon red wines, aged in stainless steel tanks during different years was studied. For this purpose, the evolution of volatile compounds: alcohols, esters, fatty acids, aldehydes and ketones, of the four wines were determined using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitatively, alcohols formed the most abundant group in the aromatic components of the four wines studied, followed by esters and acids. The sum of the individual aroma compounds studied increased progressively, and the compounds that changed significantly were alcohols and esters. The profiles of all the aroma compounds for cabernet sauvignon wines were increasingly diverse. The ability to distinguish the aroma of the four wines was probably due to the dominance of alcohols, ethyl esters of fatty acids, and their contributions to the global aroma.

Key words: Cabernet sauvignon, stainless steel tanks, aromatic compounds, headspace/solid-phase microextraction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 1 (3), pp. 028-034, March, 2014.© International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Expression analysis of a pathogen-responsive PR-1 gene from Chinese wild

Hongyu Tang, Zhu Chen and Sheng Yan

College of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Development, Xiamen University, P. O. Box 979, Fujian, China.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 14 October, 2014

Abstract 

In response to pathogen attacks, plant produces a wide range of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. PR-1 genes represent the first identified PR gene family. Most members of PR-1 gene family are not inducible by pathogen attacks. In this study, we identified a pathogen-responsive PR-1 gene designated as VqPR-1 (GenBank accession no. JN256202), in a subtractive suppression hybridization (SSH) cDNA-library from Elsinoe ampelina-inoculated young leaves of Chinese wild Vitis quinquangularis clone ‘shang-24’. VqPR-1 protein contained the requisite signal sequence at the N-terminus, a conserved three-dimensional structure called ‘PR-1 fold’ and a highly conserved six-cysteine motif. Expression level of VqPR-1 rose rapidly in response to E. ampelina infection. The three tested plant defence signaling molecules, salicylic acid (SA), ethephon (Eth) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) all triggered an induction of VqPR-1. However, the induction by addition of MeJA was weaker than that induced by SA and Eth. In addition, the response to inoculation with E. ampelina or treatment with signaling molecules, was sometimes a suppression of VqPR-1 gene expression. The highest expression of VqPR-1 was observed in flowers, stems and leaves, while low-level or no obvious transcripts were detected in pericarps and tendrils, respectively.

Key words: Vitis quinquangularis, PR-1 gene, Elsinoe ampelina, expression analysis.

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 1 (2), pp. 022-027, February, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Proximate chemical composition and Pomological traits of Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.)

Hasnain Haider, Yaseen B. and Habib Naeem

Department of Viticulture, Enology and Pomology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine.

E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 25 July, 2014

Abstract 

The aim of this research was to determine the pomological traits and proximate chemical composition of economically important Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) varieties grown in Croatia. Autochthonous variety Istarski duguljasti is the most represented variety in production, followed by introduced varieties Romische Zellernuss and Hallesche Riesen. Research was conducted during four vegetation seasons. Pomological traits (productivity/yield, number of fruits, nut weight, kernel weight, percent kernel) and proximate chemical composition of hazelnuts (fats, carbohydrates, proteins, ash and moisture) were determined. During the period of research, Romische Zellernuss variety had the highest yield; Hallesche Riesen variety had approximately the similar yield, while Istarski duguljasti had the lowest. However, Istarski duguljasti variety demonstrated stability and regular fertility during all years of research. Proximate chemical composition (of fresh material) varied per variety and per year. Fats were predominant compound which content ranged from 61.60 - 67.59 g/100 g, followed by carbohydrates (15.75 - 20.58 g/100 g) and proteins (10.16 - 13.13 g/100 g). Ash content in hazelnut kernel ranged from 2.51 - 2.85 g/100 g, and moisture content from 2.87 - 3.21 g/100 g. Results obtained in research suggest that external and internal parameters of hazelnut quality are influenced by variety, harvest year and their mutual interactions.

Key words: Corylus avellana L., hazelnut, kernel weight, kernel percent, chemical composition.

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 1 (2), pp. 011-021, February, 2014.  © International Scholars Journals

Review

Genome-wide study of Xylella fastidiosa: Effects of detection and strain relationships

Winifred Kelsey, Kislon Logan and Gregory Carver

Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Agriculture, Illinois State University, USA.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 04 January, 2014

Abstract 

The xylem limited plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa causes economically important diseases on agronomic, horticultural and landscape plants. This review includes the current status of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based systems for detection and characterization of X. fastidiosa, and presents a genome-wide analysis of strain differentiation. The use of genomics data for strain comparisons will improve the understanding of the genetic determinants of strain specific pathogeni-city and virulence. The genome-level analysis can be applied to design new strategies for management and control of Xylella fastidiosa associated diseases in a wide range of crops.

Key words: Comparative genomics, PCR, diagnosis, database, phylogeny, evolution

International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 1 (1), pp. 004-010 ,  January, 2014.  © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Abiotic effects on β-D-glucosidase activity of two typical (Oenococcus oeni) strains in China

Richard Lim, Yang Lee and Feng Yamaha

Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, Tsinghua University, P.O. Box 400165, Beijing, China.

Email: [email protected]

Accepted 24 December, 2013

Abstract

β-D-Glucosidase is one of the most interesting glycosidases for hydrolysis of glycoconjugated precursors to release active aromatic compounds in musts and wines. SD-2a and 31MBR are two typical Oenococcus oeni strains widely used in winemaking in China. Up to now, there is still limited information regarding the β-D-glucosidase activity of the two strains. β-D-Glucosidase activity of the two strains was localized and influence of abiotic stress on the enzyme activity was conducted using synthetic substrate in the present study. Both SD-2a and 31MBR possessed β-D-glucosidase activity, activity occurring in whole cells and permeabilized cells but not in the culture supernatant. Whole cells of SD-2a showed higher enzyme activity than that of 31MBR, while 31MBR exhibited higher permeabilized cells activity. β-D-Glucosidase from the two strains remained high activity after both bacteria were stressed under winelike conditions for two hours, however, activity decreased sharply when the bacteria were stressed at 45°C, pH 2.5 or ethanol concentration of 16%. SD-2a proved potential for aroma improvement in winemaking, as the whole cells showed high β-D-glucosidase activity under winelike conditions.

Key words: Oenococcus oeni, β-D-glucosidase, localization, abiotic stress.