African Journal of Virology Research

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-002, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

The susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains to essential oils of Rormarinus officinalis and Eucalyptus globulus

K.  Mounchid ¹*, F. Bourjilat², N. Dersi², T. Aboussaouira¹, A. Rachidai³, A. Tantaoui-Elaraki⁴, M. Alaoui-Ismaili⁵

¹Laboratoire d’Histologie. Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie. Casablanca.

²Laboratoire de Bactériologie. Centre de Biologie Médicale. Institut Pasteur. Casablanca.

³Laboratoire d’Agrophysiologie et Culture In vitro. Faculté des Sciences. Kénitra.

⁴Laboratoire de Microbilogie. Institut Sup-Agro. Casablanca.

⁵Laboratoire de Biochimie. Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire. Rabat.

Accepted 23 July, 2019

Abstract

Essential oils are frequently used for flavour and fragrance in the perfume, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. They are also suitable raw material for production of new synthetic agents. The antibacterial activity of the essential oils obtained by steam distillation of Rosmarinus officinalis L and Eucalyptus globules collected in south Morocco was studied by micro-atmospheric technique against Escherichia coli CIP54127 and E. coli isolated from urine and resistant to several antibiotics. Both essential oils were effective against the two strains bacteria in particularly against E. coli CIP54127. MIQ of both oils ranged from 60 to 70 µl for both bacteria. In conclusion, results show that essential oils are effective and could be considered as a natural antimicrobial source that can be used on production of natural antimicrobial agents.

Key words: Essential oils, antibacterial activity, Rosmarinus officinalis, Eucalyptus globules Escherichia coli.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-003, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

Protective effect of Ziziphus mauritiana leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride -induced liver injury

Dahiru, D^1*, William, E.T.² and Nadro, M.S.¹

¹Department of Biochemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 2076 Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

²Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Adamawa State University, P.M.B. 25, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

Accepted 13 September, 2019

Abstract

Protective effect of ethanol extract of Ziziphus mauritiana leaf was studied on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage. Pretreatment of rats with 200 and 300 mg/kg body wt of Z. mauritiana leaf extract protected rats against carbon tetrachloride liver injury by significantly lowering aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransamine (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), and lipid peroxide levels compared to control. The extract at both doses also significantly restored depleted levels of glutathione and vitamin E compared to control. Reduction in lipid peroxidation, restoration of glutathione and vitamin E levels indicate strong antioxidant property of the leaf. Phytochemical screening of the leaf extract of Z. mauritiana indicates probable presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins and saponins.

Key words: Ziziphus mauritiana, carbon tetrachloride, non-enzyme antioxidants, lipid peroxidation.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 14 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Isolation of an antibacterial stilbene from Combretum woodii (Combretaceae) leaves

J N Eloff*, J O Famakin and D R P Katerere

Programme for Phytomedicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa.

Accepted 28 September, 2019

Abstract

Acetone extracts of C. woodii leaf powder was separated by solvent-solvent partition into six fractions. The highest total activity was in the chloroform fraction. This fraction contained mainly one compound active against S. aureus. This compound was isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation using silica gel open column chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS) as the stilbene 2’,3’,4-trihydroxyl-3,5,4’-trimethoxybibenzyl (combretastatin B5) previously isolated from the seeds of C. kraussii. It showed significant activity against S. aureus with an MIC of 16 µg/ml but with lower activity towards P. aeruginosa (125 µg/ml), E. faecalis (125 µg/ml) and slight activity against E. coli. This is the first report of the antimicrobial activity of combretastatin B5. Its concentration in the leaves was in the order of 5-10 mg/g which makes the use of non-polar leaf extracts a viable proposition in treating some infections, particularly in resource-poor settings.

Key words: Combretastatin B5, bibenzyl, stilbene, antibacterial, Combretaceae

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 14 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Combretum woodii (Combretaceae) leaf extracts have high activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria

J. N. Eloff*, J. O. Famakin and D. R. P. Katerere

Programme for Phytomedicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa.

Accepted 14 October, 2019

Abstract

Dried ground leaves of Combretum woodii were extracted with 10 different solvents (hexane, diisopropyl ether, diethyl ether, methylene dichloride, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water) to determine the best extractant for subsequent isolation and characterization of antibacterial compounds. With the exception of the water extract, which had no antibacterial activity, the other extracts were bioactive with at least one of them exhibiting minimum inhibitory concentration values of 0.04 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli or Enterococcus faecalis. Intermediate polarity solvents extracted c. 10% of the dry mass compared to c. 3% with the more polar or non-polar solvents. These solvents also had higher antibacterial activity than more polar or non-polar extractants. Ethyl acetate was the best extractant with an average minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.08 mg/ml for the four pathogens followed by acetone and methylene dichloride with values of 0.14 mg/ml. The average MIC values for the positive controls were 0.13 (ampicillin) and 0.12 mg/ml (chloramphenicol). By taking the quantity extracted from the leaf powder into consideration, the total activity, a measure of potency, was highest for methylene dichloride (1309 ml/g) followed by acetone (1279 ml/g) extracts. The antibacterial activity was high enough to consider the use of extracts for clinical application and to isolate and characterise antibacterial compounds from the extracts. Based on the R _f values of the antibacterial compounds determined by bioautography, the antibacterial compound was not a polyphenol or a tannin.

Key words: Extraction, antibacterial, MIC, acetone, total activity.

Key words: Natural honey, antibacterial effect, diarrhea.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 14 (1), pp. 001-011, January, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Indirect diagnosis of HCV viremia in Malian women: Relevance of a Cost-effective Algorithm

Nouhoum Bouare^1,&, Jean Delwaide², Sebastien Bontems³, Laurence Seidel⁴ and Christiane Gerard⁵

¹Department of Diagnosis and Biomedical Research of National Institute of Public Health (INSP/Ex INRSP), Bamako, Mali.

²Department of Gastroenterology and hepatology, CHULiege, Liege, Belgium.

³Department of Clinical Microbiology, CHULiege, Liege, Belgium.

⁴Department of Biostatistics and Medico-economic information, CHULiege, Liege, Belgium.

⁵Ex Responsible of Blood Bank CHULiege, Liege, Belgium.

Accepted 8 January, 2020

Abstract

To diagnose an HCV infection is expensive because it is important to know to what extent seropositive patient is or not, viremic. The study aimed to define the best combination of serological tools to use in order to get the best prediction for HCV viremia at cheaper cost. The study questions focused on: usefulness of repeat tests, relevance of EIA test ratio (TR) values, use of a confirmatory test or a second screening test, costs of these alternatives, and choosing the best option giving an excellent probability of HCV-RNA detection. Costs were calculated using estimates for each EIA test, LIA-HCV, and PCR. Global data from two epidemiological surveys carried out between 2009-2010 in Mali were used. By using as an indicator, the magnitude of the signal-to-cutoff ratio measured with EIA, PPV (Positive Predictive value) of the presence of HCV RNA significantly increased from 41.2% to 82.4%. The highest PPV was obtained by performing two 4^th generation EIA tests and exploitation of the threshold (half of the maximal ratio value measured). The cost of additional tests for virus detection ranged between 3550 USD and 1155 USD, and the algorithm presenting the highest PPV (87.5%) was not the most expensive (1551 USD).

Keywords: HCV Diagnosis, Cost, Effectiveness, Malian women, West Africa.