African Journal of Virology Research

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 18 (6), pp. 001-004, June, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper
    
Antimicrobial Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Cameroon: A Meta-Analytic Review

Yves Le Grand Napa Tchuedji1, Hortense Gonsu Kamga2,3, Emilia Lyonga Mbamyah2, Anicette Chafa Betbeui3, Francois-Xavier Etoa1 and Yap BoumII4,5

1Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
2Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, Haematology and InfectiousDiseases, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
3Laboratory of Bacteriology, UniversityTeachingHospital, Yaounde, Cameroon.

4Epicenter Africa Research Centre, Yaoundé, Cameroon

Accepted 10 November, 2022

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-fermentative bacteria which present a rapid increase in the rates of infections across the world. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranks third among the resistant bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections. Aim: To assess the distribution and evolution of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Cameroon. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of the research publications that determined the resistance phenotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Cameroon. A meta-analysis of the data was carried out to synthesize the data on resistance phenotypes, their distribution and their evolution in Cameroon. Results: A considerable increase in resistance to ceftazidime, aztreonam, gentamycin and tobramycin between 2005 and 2011 was observed. In addition, an increase in resistance to imipenem was noted between 2011 and 2013. The city of Douala has a high frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa followed by Buea and Yaounde. Conclusion: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a high frequency and resistance to several antibiotics in Cameroon. There is a need to continue surveillance in several hospitals and in several regions of Cameroon in order to implement policies and measures to fight infections and antibiotic resistance.

Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistance, antibiotics, epidemiology, clinical isolates.
 

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 18 (6), pp. 001-010, June, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence and Bacterial Etiology of Skin Lesions among Primary School Pupils in Central Côte d'Ivoire: A Study from Bouaké

Wayoro Oby Zéphirin 1,2* , Ehounoud Bilé Cyrille Hervé 3,4, N’Guessan A Nicaise epse Okoubo1, Tadet Juste Olivier Nekker 2, Boka Irie Sara Esther 2 Cox Constanze5, Dupke Susann5, Klee Silke R5*, Akoua Koffi Chantal2,6*

1Université Felix Houphouet Boigny, Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Côte d’Ivoire
2Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire (CHU) de Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
3Laboratoire National d’Appui et du développement Agricole, LCVB Bingerville, service Bactériologie, Côte d’Ivoire
4Institut National de Santé Publique, IPR Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
5Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS2), Berlin, Germany
6Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouaké, Faculté de Médecine, Côte d’Ivoire

Accepted 07 August, 2022

In Sub-Saharan Africa, skin infections mainly affect children. Among this, cutaneous anthrax is known to affect domestic animals and young children might have contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological, bacteriological aspects of skin lesions and to assess the risk of acquiring cutaneous anthrax in the school environment in Bouaké. It is a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study. Epidemiological data were collected using a simple questionnaire. Skin lesions were analyzed using conventional bacteriological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was tested using the Kirby-Bauer technique according the Antibiogram Committee’s recommendations of the French Society of Microbiology 2019. Of the 3174 schoolchildren, 1220 (38.43%) had skin lesions. 325 (26.63%) schoolchildren were included in the study and had a mean age of 9 years (± 5) with a sex ratio of M/F at 1.65. Young schoolchildren aged 5 to 10 years were the most affected (76.62%). The majority had regular contact with domestic animals (64.31%). The rate of hand washing after defecation was 41.38%. Skin lesions were located on the lower limbs (91.69%), with superficial lesions (88.79%), ulceration (81.03%) and trauma (79.40%) being the most common. Culture of swabs was positive in 85.29% of cases and 277 bacterial strains were identified. The bacteria identified were mainly Staphylococcus aureus (71.84%), and Streptococcus spp. (6.50%). Bacillus spp. was observed rarely, and neither classic B. anthracis nor the atypical B. cereus biovar anthracis were identified. The resistance phenotypes reported in Staphylococcus aureus were PASE (95%), MRSA (34%), and VAN-R (15%).The high prevalence of MRSA requires also health surveillance in these schools. Our results can be used in the management or antibiotic treatment of skin infections.

Keywords: Skin lesions - Staphylococcus aureus- MRSA - schoolchildren - Côte d’Ivoire (Bouake).
 

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 18 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Hepatotoxicity Profile of Lamivudine Therapy in a Nigerian Antiretroviral Treatment Centre

Akande A. A1*, Olaosebikan O. F1, Jimoh A. K1, Abdulazeez1, 2Olawumi H. O

1Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, PMB 1459, Ilorin, Kwara
State, Nigeria.
2Department of Hematology and Blood transfusion Services, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, PMB 1459, Ilorin,

Kwara State, Nigeria.

Accepted 28 March, 2024

Hepatic toxicity is a common complication of anti-retroviral treatment in HIV patients, usually indicated or heralded by the elevation of liver transaminases measured in the blood. There had been reported evidence of hepatic toxicity in all the three currently approved classes of anti-retroviral drugs. However, its severity in some cases may warrant stoppage of the treatment. This study assessed the hepato-toxicity among HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy with lavudine in a drug treatment centre in Nigeria. Liver function test (LFT) results of patients treated with lavudine (lamivudne, stavudine and nevirapine) antiretroviral drug was collated and analyzed initially as baseline data and later over a period of three months after treatment with lavudine for liver enzymes assessment. Sixty three (63) subjects in all were analyzed, 28 males and 35 females (M: F = 0.8:1) . The results showed that there was a non-significant (p>0.45) decrease in the serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatase of the pretreatment LFT compared with the LFT after three months of treatment with lavudine. The levels of serum total protein and albumin showed a concomitant but non-significant (p>0.20) decrease over the same period. Antiretroviral treatment with lavudine may be associated with hepatic enzymes induction but not toxicity at least in the short run, however hepatic function test should be monitored every month for the first three months after starting a new drug regimen and followed by once in six month subsequently for a year.

Key words: Lavudine, hepatotoxicity, treatment centre, HIV /AIDS patient.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 18 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Impact of Fumonisin Purification on Immune Response in Experimental Paracoccidioidomycosis

A. A. Sasaki1, E. Y. Hirooka2, E. Y. S. Ono3, M. S. Kaminami1, Pinge Filho P.1, S. A. Khan1, O. Kawamura4, A. B. Ribeiro2, S. Fujii2 and E. N. Itano1*

1Department of Pathological Science, State University of Londrina, P. O. Box 6001, 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná,
Brazil.
2Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P. O. Box 6001, 86051-990, Londrina,
Paraná, Brazil.
3Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P. O. Box 6001, 86051-990, Londrina,
Paraná, Brazil.
4Department of Biochemistry and Food Science, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan.

Accepted 13 March, 2024

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium verticillioides, which can modulate the immune response. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), caused by the fungus Paracoccodioides brasiliensis (Pb), is one of the most important systemic mycoses in Latin America. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the partially purified fumonisins on cellular immune response in mice infected with Pb. Four groups of male BALB/c mice were used. Groups PB and PB/FB were inoculated i.v. with 1 × 105 Pb yeast cells and, after 28 days, groups FB and PB/FB were inoculated (s.c.) with partially purified fumonisin B1 from F. verticillioides (5 × 2.25 mg FB1/kg body weight). After 7 days, cellular immune response was evaluated by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and lymphoproliferative assays (LA) using spleen cells. Nitric oxide (NO) production by spleen cells was also evaluated. The specific LA response to Pb antigen was higher in group PB than in FB and CTR groups (p< 0.05) but not significant with PB/FB. The DTH response was higher in infected than non infected groups (p<0.05) but also no significantly with PB and PB/FB groups. The lyphoproliferative response to ConA was decreased in FB or PB/FB in relation to CTR (p<0.05) but not with PB/FB and also a reduction of NO levels was observed in fumonisin treated in relation to control group FB1/kg (p<0.05). In conclusion, fumonisin B1 or other components of F. verticillioides extracts significantly suppress the unspecific cellular immune response and the NO production by splenocytes from P. brasiliensis infected or not infected BALB/c mice.

Key words: Fumonisin, Paracoccodioides brasiliensis, lymphoproliferative assay, nitric oxide.
 

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 18 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Cytokine Signatures in Hypoxic Neuroblastoma Cells: Effects of Potentilla anserina L. N-Butyl Extract on SH-SY5Y Cells

Hong-Sheng Gao1,2, Hui-Min Guo2, Yi-Zheng Wang2, Hong Chen2, Yong-Liang Zhang2*, Ling-zhi Li2 and Jing Sun2

1Department of Hygiene, Logistic College of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China.
2Tianjin Key Laboratory for Biomarkers of Occupational and Environmental hazard, Tianjin, China.

Accepted 17 January, 2024

Potentilla anserina L. is the root of Chinese cinquefoil herb of the Rosaceae family, and its ethanol extract improves the immunity and exhibits anti-fatigue and anti-hypoxia properties. This study aimed to explore the cytokines expression profiling and the effect of n-butanol extract of P. anserina L. (NP) on the hypoxia cells. The subjects were divided into three groups: control, hypoxia, and intervention (the group treated with the n-butyl extract of P. anserina L. under the condition of hypobaric hypoxia) groups. The results of the experiment showed that NP could down-regulate the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines of hypoxia SH-SY5Y cells and meantime up-regulate the expression of inhibitive cytokines of immune reaction. The cytokines expression profiling can be deduced as a window into hypoxia SH-SY5Y cells, and n-butyl extract of P. anserina L. can significantly protect the cell against the hypoxia induced damage set up in vitro by sodium dithionite.

Key words: Hypoxia, inflammatory cytokines, Potentilla anserina L., sodium dithionite.
 

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 2756-3413 Vol. 18 (4), pp. 001-014, April, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Review

Medicinal Plant Profile of Chyawanprash: An Ancient Ayurvedic Preparation

Vijay D. Wagh1*, Snehal V. Patil1, Sanjay J. Surana1 and Kalpana V Wagh2

1Department of Pharmaceutics, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Near Karwand Naka,
Shirpur-425405, Maharashtra, India.
2Department of Botany, H.R. Patel College of Science, Main Building, Shirpur-425405, Maharashtra, India.

Accepted 13 January 2025

Chyawanprash has been used traditionally in Ayurvedic supplements to help strengthen your digestive system and promote food absorption, corrects hyperacidity, dyspepsia and flatulence, peptic ulcers and gastritis, boost memory power, promote cardio fitness by supporting your heart and helps in slow down the rate of normal aging and promote longevity. It also cleanse your blood and aid in the elimination of toxins, rejuvenate and promote a healthy-looking complexion, support healthy bones and teeth through calcium absorption, help tone your muscles through protein synthesis, provide relief from occasional menstrual discomfort and boost your immune system to improve vigor, vitality, wisdom, and glow. But nowadays many pharmaceutical and herbal companies deviate from the original formula given in ayurveda. This review highlights on the details of different Indian medicinal plants used in the preparation of chyawanprash and their composition and formula, followed in ancient ayurveda.

Key words: Chyawanprash, polyherbal formulation, medicinal plants in chawanprash, herbal supplements.