African Journal of Virology Research

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (4), pp. 001-005, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Biochemical studies on changes associated with enzymes of glucose metabolism in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infected with Penaeus monodon (Fabricius)

Suseela Mathew^1*, Ashok Kumar Kesavan Nair ², Rangasamy Anandan¹, Pullanniyil Gopalan Nair Viswanathan Nair¹, and Koodenchery Devadasan¹

¹Biochemistry and Nutrition Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri (PO), Cochin 682 029, India.

²Quality Assurance and Management Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri (PO), Cochin 682 029, India.

Accepted 16 January, 2019

Abstract

Tiger prawns ( Penaeus monodon) were infected with white spot virus artificially by intramuscular injection of the virus inoculum. Haemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle samples from the infected prawns were analyzed for glucose and enzymes viz aldolase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the carbohydrate metabolism. Glucose content reduced to 33% of its original value in 24 h of infection and to 31% in 48 h. Almost 95% loss in activity was observed in the case of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase in hepatopancreas, whereas the reduction in activity in muscle was 67%, after 48 h of infection. Glucose-6-phosphatase showed a reduction of 16 and 13% in hepatopancreas and muscle respectively during 24 h of infection. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased by 300% of original value in hepatopancreas, while in muscle the increase was only 30% of original value during 24 h of infection. No significant change in activity was noted in the case of aldolase. Even at moribund stage, the glycolytic pathway was not affected, as evident from the normal activity of aldolase observed in the present study.

Key words: WSSV, P. monodon, glucose, gluconeogenic enzymes, glycolytic enzymes.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (4), pp. 001-006, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Avian influenza virus H₅N₁ subtype A diagnosed in sick and dead wild and domestic birds in Pavlodar oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan

Mamadaliyev S. M. ¹, Koshemetov Z. K.¹, Matveyeva V.M.¹, Kydyrbayev Z. K.²

¹Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan.

²Institute of Microbiology and Virology ME&S RK, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan.

Accepted 21 January, 2019

Abstract

This work describes laboratory tests conducted on biological material taken from sick and dead birds from unknown infection in the Pavlodar oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan. In the course of pathological material laboratory tests electron microscopy revealed virion of type A avian influenza virus. Type A AI virus common protein is recognized with the help of “Directigen Flu A” test system. The results of HAIT showed hemagglutinin agent H5, and NAIT results showed neuraminidase agent N1. On the basis of laboratory tests results it was determined that the cause of sickness and death of birds in the territory of Pavlodar oblast Irtysh region farm “NAN” was H5N1 type A AI virus.

Key words: HAT, HAIT, NAIT, H5N1 type A avian influenza.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (4), pp. 001-004, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antiviral activity of Aloe vera against herpes simplex virus type 2: An in vitro study

Keivan Zandi¹*, Moloud Abbas Zadeh¹, Kohzad Sartavi² and Zahra Rastian¹

¹Persian Gulf Health Research Centre, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.

²Jahad Keshavarzi Research Centre, Bushehr, Iran.

Accepted 16 January, 2019

Abstract

In this study we tested the antiviral activity of a crude hot glycerine extract of Aloe vera gel which was grown in Bushehr (Southwest of Iran) against HSV-2 replication in Vero cell line. The extract showed antiviral activity against HSV- 2 not only before attachment and entry of virus to the Vero cells but also on post attachment stages of virus replication. The IC₅₀ before attachment and entry of virus to the cells is 428 µg/ml and the CC₅₀ value which is the cytotoxicity of the extract for Vero cells is 3238 µg/ml, while the calculated selectivity index (SI) is 7.56. Also, IC₅₀ of extract on post attachment stages of replication is 536 µg/ml and the SI value for inhibition of the post attachment stages of HSV-2 replication is 6.04. Therefore, compounds of Aloe vera from Bushehr could be a good candidate as a natural source for antiviral drug development against HSV-2.

Key words: Aloe vera, antiviral, HSV-2, hot glycerine extract.

Key words: Cocoa, cocoa swollen shoot virus, ELISA.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-008, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper 

Limitation in detecting African cassava mosaic geminivirus in the lignified tissues of cassava stems

Njock, T. E.¹* and R. N. Ndip^{2, 3}

¹Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, University of Buea, P. O. 63 Buea, Cameroon.

²Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon.

³Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, Republic of South Africa.

Accepted 21 October, 2018

Abstract

Field-infected cassava stems whose leaves were identified with differential symptoms of African cassava mosaic geminivirus (ACMV) disease were assessed for index of severity of symptoms (ISS) to determine their infection status by scoring young resultant plants in the laboratory. Extracts of young stem tissues and leaves of emergent shoots from topped stems were also assayed for occurrence of ACMV by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Geminivirus disease incidence and severity of symptoms were most abundant on leaves of plants from cuttings of field-symptomatic (I) stems of the moderately-resistant TMS 4(2)1425 (63.2%) and the susceptible TMS 60506 (51.1%) genotypes while those from apparently symptom-free (H) stems of the resistant genotype TMS 30001 recorded significantly the least disease (0%). Similarly, the index of severity of symptoms on all plants (ISS_AP) and diseased plants only (ISS_DP) were significantly highest on leaves of TMS 4(2)1425 (2.42 and 2.83), and were significantly the least (1) on leaves of TMS 30001, respectively. ACMV was not detected in extracts of all sections of lignified cassava stems by ELISA as all absorbance values were below threshold (0.0890). However, the virus was detected at greater concentrations in leaves of emergent axillary shoots regenerating on topped plants of all node types of TMS 60506 and TMS 4(2)1425 as well as the base (node 1) of TMS 30001 stems but not on those from middle and uppermost nodes (10 and 20, respectively) of the latter genotype. The highest absorbance values were recorded on shoots on node 1 of TMS 60506 (0.1720 ± 0.096), TMS 4(2)1425 (0.1640 ± 0.115) and TMS 30001 (0.1580 ± 0.080) in that order, while the least values were on nodes 10 (0.0298 ± 0.020) and 20 (0.0289 ± 0.019) of TMS 30001.

Key words: African cassava mosaic geminivirus, infection status, cassava genotypes, detection limitations, enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay.