African Journal of Virology Research

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (12), pp. 001-005, December, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Some genetic characteristics of sabin-like poliovirus isolated from acute flaccid paralysis cases in Nigeria

Festus Doyin Adu^1*, Jane Iber², Tekena Harry³, Cara Burns², Oluseyi Oyedele¹, Johnson Adekunle Adeniji¹, Mubarak Ossei-Kwasi⁴ David Kilpatrick² Oyewale Tomori⁵ and Olen Kew²

¹Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

²Division of Molecular Virology, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta Georgia, USA.

³Dept of Immunology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria.

⁴Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research Legon Ghana.

⁵WHO Regional Office Harare Zimbabwe

Accepted 10 August 2019

Abstract

A total of 34 sabin strains of the poliovirus isolated from 22 children with 60-day follow-up residual acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) were genetically characterized and screened for any form of recombination. Sequence analysis of the 906-nucleotide capsid showed that all the isolates were similar to their original sabin serotypes, however two of the viruses had drifted in their 3D noncapsid regions toward a sabin-sabin and sabin-nonpolio entero combination. Routine immunization in Nigeria is low and in spite of the increase in the frequency of supplemental immunizations, a lot of children are still inadequately immunized, which may be the reason for our observation in this study. Although we are not dealing with a case of circulating vaccine derived poliovirus (cVDPV) yet, if the above condition persists, the advent of cVDVP may not be too far. There is therefore the need to maintain a high quality mass immunization and sustained routine immunization.

Key words: Poliovirus, sequence, crossover, non polio enterovirus, recombination, genome, Sabin-like, vaccine, Nigeria.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (12), pp. 001-006, December, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Development of molecular tools for honeybee virus research: the South African contribution

Sean Davison*, Neil Leat and Mongi Benjeddou

Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.

Accepted 18 July, 2019

Abstract

Increasing knowledge of the association of honeybee viruses with other honeybee parasites, primarily the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, and their implication in the mass mortality of honeybee colonies has resulted in increasing awareness and interest in honeybee viruses. In addition the identification, monitoring and prevention of spread of bee viruses is of considerable importance, particularly when considering the lack of information on the natural incidence of virus infections in honeybee populations worldwide. A total of eighteen honeybee viruses have been identified and physically characterized. Most of them have physical features resembling picornaviruses, and are referred to as picorna-like viruses. The complete genome sequences of four picorna-like honeybee viruses, namely Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Sacbrood Virus (SBV) and Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) have been determined. The availability of this sequence data has lead to great advances in the studies on honeybee viruses. In particular, the development of a reverse genetics system for BQCV, will open new opportunities for studies directed at understanding the molecular biology, persistence, pathogenesis, and interaction of these bee viruses with other parasites. This review focuses on the contribution of the Honeybee Virus Research Group (HBVRG), from the University of the Western Cape of South Africa, in the development of molecular tools for the study of molecular biology and pathology of these viruses.

Key words: Honeybee, virus, Varroa destructor, picorna-like, reverse genetics, RT-PCR, infectious clone, infectious RNA.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (11), pp. 001-005, November, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Recombinant Poliovirus circulation among healthy children immunized with oral polio vaccine in Abidjan

Akoua-Koffi GC¹*, Gouandjika I², Tieoulou L¹, Faye-Kette H¹, Morvan J², Dosso M¹ and Ehouman A¹

¹Laboratoire des Entérovirus, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire 01 BP 490 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

²Laboratoire Régional de Référence OMS pour la poliomyélite, Institut Pasteur de Bangui BP 936, Bangui (RCA)

Accepted 11 April, 2019

Abstract

In order to assess the level of polio virus with natural recombinant genome and wild polio virus circulating in the environment of healthy children aged 0 to 5 years in Abidjan, 130 polio viruses made up of 26 polio type 1, 55 type 2 and 49 type 3 were identified by neutralisation test with monoclonal antibodies and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) targeting the VP1 and 3D1 gene. Four wild non Sabin-like (NSL) strains (3.1%): one type 2 and three type 3 were identified in non vaccinated children. One hundred and six (81.5%) isolates were Sabin-like, 20 (15.4%) were recombinant with the following polio virus profiles: 2 Sabin-like type 1/type 2, 3 Sabin-like type 3/type 1, 11 Sabin-like type 3/type 2 and one polio virus type 3 NSL/Sabin-like type 3. Intertypic vaccine/vaccine or vaccine/wild strain recombinant polio virus circulating among healthy children rate was high and suggested the need for a molecular surveillance of vaccine strains. Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) strains are well-known to revert to pathogenicity in vaccines. Therefore, the long term excretion of pathogenic OPV derived strains by some vaccinees needs to be considered quite seriously. It therefore suggested that all polio virus isolated from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) be analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of the viral genome.

Keys words: polio virus, recombinant virus, healthy children, Cote d’Ivoire.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (10), pp. 001-006, October, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Human cytomegalovirus infections in premature infants by breastfeeding

Kei Numazaki

Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 10 August, 2019

Abstract

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital and perinatal infections. Understanding the epidemiology of CMV is a key element in development of strategies for prevention of infection in premature infants. Breast-fed infants are susceptible to CMV infection from breast milk. CMV was isolated more frequently from breast milk at more than one month after delivery than from colostrum or early breast milk. CMV particle shedding into milk whey have a more important role. Cytokines in serum and milk are related to the reactivation of CMV, which occurs locally in the mammary gland of the lactating mother after delivery. Premature infants with low concentration of serum antibodies can acquire CMV infection from the fresh breast milk containing the virus. Freezing breast milk may be protective for the preterm infant until the titer of CMV antibody increases. However clinical importance of CMV infection in premature infants by breast-feeding is still unclear. This mini-review focuses on recent advances in the study of CMV infection in premature infants by breast-feeding.

Key words: cytomegalovirus (CMV), premature infants,breastfeeding, reactivation.

African Journal of Virology Research ISSN 3421-7347 Vol. 13 (10), pp. 001-004, October, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Impregnation and storage of Newcastle disease virus on to filter papers and detection of viral RNA by a single tube RT-PCR assay

P. N. Wambura*

School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Agriculture and Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected].

Accepted 21 July, 2019

Abstract

Suitability of storing infected allantoic fluid (AF) and cell culture supernatants (CCS) with strain I-2 of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on Whatman filter papers at room temperature (22-25°C) and 37°C was determined. RNA was extracted from filter papers or liquid aliquots and subjected to reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR). The results showed that filter papers soaked with NDV infected AF or CCS stored at 37°C yielded amplicons with intensity similar to that kept at room temperature for up to 150 days. The study demonstrates that NDV infected samples can be soaked onto filter papers, stored and subsequently detected by RT-PCR. This method might be safely used for storage and transportation of NDV samples to the designated laboratories for molecular studies without the need for cooling.

Key words: Allantoic fluid, chicken embryo fibroblast, Newcastle diseases virus, polymerase chain reaction, RNA storage onto filter paper, strain I-2.